[Footnote 12:  See above, ch. 17, sec. 5.]

[Footnote 13:  See above, ch. 17, secs. 15, 16.]

[Footnote 14:  See above, ch. 15, sec. 14, first paragraph.]

PART V

PROBLEMS OF THE WAGE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 19

METHODS OF INDUSTRIAL REMUNERATION

Sec. 1.  Workers subordinate in early societies.  Sec. 2.  Workers in the Middle Ages.  Sec. 3.  Growth of the wage system.  Sec. 4.  Practicability of the wage system.  Sec. 5.  Time work.  Sec. 6.  Task work.  Sec. 7.  Piece work.  Sec. 8.  Premium plans.  Sec. 9.  Aim of profit-sharing.  Sec. 10.  Examples of profit-sharing.  Sec. 11.  Difficulties in profit-sharing.  Sec. 12.  Defective theory of profit-sharing.  Sec. 13.  Purpose of producers’ cooeperation.  Sec. 14.  Limited success of the plan.  Sec. 15.  Its main difficulty.

Sec. 1. #Workers subordinate in early societies#.  As far back as the history of settled and populous communities can be traced, the masses of workers have been subordinate.  Civilization began with direction, with obedience to superiors on the part of the mass of men.  Even in the rudest tribes, the women and children were subject to the will of the stronger, the head of the family.  Among the Aryan races the family system was widened, and the patriarch of the tribe secured personal obedience and economic services from all members of the community.  Chattel slavery, the typical form of industrial organization in early tropical civilization, seems to have been one of the necessary steps to progress from rude conditions; students to-day incline to view it as an essential stage in the history of the race.  But as conditions changed with industrial development, chattel slavery became an inefficient form of industrial organization and a hindrance to progress.

Sec. 2. #Workers in the Middle Ages#.  Serfdom for rural labor and many limitations on the workman’s freedom in the towns were the prevailing conditions in medieval Europe.  Serfdom was both a political and an economic relation.  The self was bound to the soil; the lord could command and control him; but the serf’s obligations were pretty well defined.  He had to give services, but in return for them he got something definite in the form of protection and the use of land.  Between the lord and the serf there continued an implied contract, which passed by inheritance from father to son, in the case both of the master and of the serf.  In the towns conditions were better for the free master class of the artisans who owned their tools and often a little shop where they both made and sold their products.  But the mass of the workers, shut out from special privileges, bore a heavy burden.  There were strict rules of apprenticeship; gild regulations forbidding the free choice of a trade or a residence; laws against