years without any government, and in such a stormy season it will not go on much longer without a rudder” (Whately to Bp.  Copleston, July 1832. Life, i, 167).  “If such an arrangement of the Executive Government is completed, it will be a difficult, but great and glorious feat for your Lordship’s ministry to preserve the establishment from utter overthrow” (Whately to Lord Grey, May 1832. Life, i. 156).  It is remarkable that Dean Stanley should have been satisfied with ascribing to the movement an “origin entirely political” and should have seen a proof of this “thoroughly political origin” in Newman’s observing the date of Mr. Keble’s sermon “National Apostasy” as the birthday of the movement, Edin.  Rev. April 1880, pp. 309, 310.

[4] Readers of Wordsworth will remember the account of Mr. R. Walker (Notes to the “River Duddon").

[5] Compare Life of Whately (ed. 1866), i. 52, 68.

[6] Arnold to W. Smith, Life, i. 356-358; ii. 32.

[7] Life, i. 225 sqq.

[8] “I am vexed to find how much hopeless bigotry lingers in minds, [Greek:  ois haekista hechrae]” (Arnold to Whately, Sept. 1832. Life, i. 331; ii. 3-7).

[9] St. Bartholomew’s Day

[10] “The mere barren orthodoxy which, from all that I can hear, is characteristic of Oxford.”  Maurice in 1829 (Life, i. 103).  In 1832 he speaks of his “high endeavours to rouse Oxford from its lethargy having so signally failed” (i. 143).

[11] Abbey and Overton, English Church in the Eighteenth Century, ii. 180, 204.

[12] V. Maurice, Life, i. 108-111; Trench’s Letters; Carlyle’s Sterling.

[13] “In what concerns the Established Church, the House of Commons seems to feel no other principle than that of vulgar policy.  The old High Church race is worn out.”  Alex.  Knox (June 1816), i. 54.

CHAPTER II

THE BEGINNING OF THE MOVEMENT—­JOHN KEBLE

Long before the Oxford movement was thought of, or had any definite shape, a number of its characteristic principles and ideas had taken strong hold of the mind of a man of great ability and great seriousness, who, after a brilliant career at Oxford as student and tutor, had exchanged the University for a humble country cure.  John Keble, by some years the senior, but the college friend and intimate of Arnold, was the son of a Gloucestershire country clergyman of strong character and considerable scholarship.  He taught and educated his two sons at home, and then sent them to Oxford, where both of them made their mark, and the elder, John, a mere boy when he first appeared at his college, Corpus, carried off almost everything that the University could give in the way of distinction.  He won a double first; he won the Latin and English Essays in the same year; and he won what was the still greater honour of an Oriel