Average Annual Fall of Water (rain and snow, given in inches) for a Series of Years, as ascertained from Official Sources.

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PLACES.             | WINTER.| SPRING.| SUMMER.| AUTUMN.| YEAR.
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Fort Snelling, Minn.|  1.92  |  6.61  | 10.92  |  5.98  | 25.43
Fort Ridgely,    "  |  4.11  |  7.29  |  9.29  |  4.83  | 25.52
Astoria, Oregon     |  —–­   |  —–­   |  —–­   |  —–­   | 65.00
Fort Laramie, Wy.   |  1.63  |  8.69  |  5.70  |  3.96  | 19.98
Fort Crawford, Wis. |  4.00  |  7.63  | 11.87  |  7.90  | 31.40
Fort Gratiot, Mich. |  5.75  |  8.02  |  9.99  |  8.86  | 32.62
New Harmony, Ind.   | 12.29  | 10.51  | 12.79  |  7.26  | 42.85
Cincinnati, Ohio    | 11.15  | 12.14  | 13.70  |  9.90  | 46.89
St. Louis, Missouri |  6.94  | 12.30  | 14.14  |  8.94  | 42.32
Chicago, Illinois   |  —–­   |  —–­   |  —–­   |  —–­   |  —–­
Philadelphia, Penn. | 10.76  |  9.81  | 11.93  |  9.84  | 42.34
Lambertville, N.J.  |  9.67  | 11.25  | 12.15  | 11.59  | 44.09
Fredonia, New York  |  6.82  |  7.24  | 10.45  | 12.04  | 36.55
Utica,      "   "   |  8.72  |  9.26  | 12.83  |  9.76  | 40.57
Albany,     "   "   |  8.30  |  9.79  | 12.31  | 10.27  | 40.67
Brooklyn,   "   "   |  9.83  | 11.75  | 11.43  | 10.35  | 43.36
Providence, R.I.    |  9.44  | 10.45  |  9.66  | 10.50  | 40.05
New Bedford, Mass.  | 10.42  | 10.67  |  9.18  | 10.76  | 41.03
Worcester,     "    | 11.85  | 10.89  | 10.71  | 13.51  | 46.96
Cambridge,     "    |  9.89  | 10.85  | 11.17  | 12.57  | 44.48
Hanover, N.H.       |  9.10  |  9.90  | 11.40  | 10.50  | 41.00
Portland, Maine     | 10.93  | 12.11  | 10.28  | 11.93  | 45.25
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The fall of snow has been in this statement reduced to a water basis, allowing, as is the usual custom, ten inches of snow for one of water.  This calculation is not entirely reliable for all points; as, at the extreme southern snow-line, a less, while a larger amount is required for a more northerly district—­say about eleven inches to make one of water in Minnesota.  This would give a depth of about two and a half feet (snow) over the surface of the State for the entire winter months, while in Central New York—­to which in mean annual temperature Minnesota parallels—­the depth of all water falling, for the same season, would (in snow) amount to full five feet, or double that of the State under consideration.

FOOTNOTES: 

[B] For further particulars of Florida climate, see A Winter in Florida, by the author of this volume, published by Messrs. Wood & Holbrook.

CHAPTER VI.

CLIMATE.—­CONTINUED.

The atmosphere of Minnesota.—­Its dryness.—­Falling snow.—­Equability of temperature.—­Rain-fall for spring.—­The constitutional character of the climate.—­The lakes and rivers of the State.—­The northeast winds.—­Where the northeasters begin.—­Their general direction and limit.—­The atmospheric basin of Iowa.—­Neglect of meteorology.—­Its importance to the country.