at the end of August the tops of the tall ones are pinched off.  When the leaves have fallen all the suckers are drawn out and the canes pruned (about four being left to each root).  The canes are then tied and manure applied.  About May they are, if necessary, thinned out again, and the suckers that are exhausting both soil and plant removed.  They produce their fruit on one-year-old canes, which wood is of no further use.  The general way of training them is by tying the tops together, or by training them in the shape of a fan on a south wall, but perhaps the best way is to tic them about equal distances apart round hoops supported by light sticks.  Seed may be separated from the fruit, dried, and sown early in February on a gentle hotbed.  Prick off into good rich mould, harden off by the middle of May, and plant in rich soil.  Train them and keep down suckers.  When they are grown tall pinch off the tops.  Red Antwerp, Yellow Antwerp, Prince of Wales, Northumberland Filbasket, Carter’s Prolific, and White Magnum Bonum are all good sorts.

Red-hot Poker.—­See “Tritoma.”

Red Scale.—­See “Scale.”

Red Spiders.—­These troublesome pests which appear in the heat of summer, may be got rid of by constantly syringing the plants attacked, and by occasionally washing the walls, etc., with lime or sulphur.

Retinospora Filifera.—­A large-growing, hardy evergreen shrub.  It may be grown in any light soil, and increased by seed, or by cuttings planted under glass in the shade.  It flowers in May.

Rhamnus (Buckthorn).—­Fine evergreen shrubs, of hardy habit and quick growth.  They may be grown in any soil, but prefer a sheltered situation, and are very suitable for planting near the sea.  R. Latifolius has handsome broad leaves.  Some, such as R. Alaternus and R. Catharticus, attain large proportions, the former reaching 30 ft. and the latter 10 ft. in height.  They may be propagated by layers or by seed.

Rheum Palmatum.—­This species of rhubarb makes an effective plant for the back portion of a border.  It does well in rich loam, flowering in June, and is increased by dividing the root.  Height, 5 ft.

Rhodanthe (Swan River Everlasting).—­These beautiful everlasting flowers are half-hardy annuals and are suitable for beds or ribbons, and make most graceful plants for pot culture, placing four plants in a 5-in. pot.  They thrive best in fibrous peat or a rich, light soil, and prefer a warm situation.  Used largely for winter bouquets, and are perfect gems for pot culture.  A succession of bloom may be obtained by sowings made in August, October, and March.  The temperature of the seed-pots should be kept at from 60 to 70 degrees, and the soil kept constantly damp with water of the same heat.  After potting the seedlings remove them to a cooler house and keep them near the glass.  Those sown in March may be planted in the open in June, where they will flower in autumn.  Height, 1 ft.