empire, then under the form of a liberal empire.  When the republic came, the people were reasonably ripe for it.  The great progress of Brazil—­and it has been an astonishing progress—­has been made under the republic.  I could give innumerable examples and illustrations of this.  The change that has converted Rio Janeiro from a picturesque pest-hole into a singularly beautiful, healthy, clean, and efficient modern great city is one of these.  Another is the work of the Telegraphic Commission.

We put upon the map a river some fifteen hundred kilometres in length, of which the upper course was not merely utterly unknown to, but unguessed at by, anybody; while the lower course, although known for years to a few rubbermen, was utterly unknown to cartographers.  It is the chief affluent of the Madeira, which is itself the chief affluent of the Amazon.

The source of this river is between the 12th and 13th parallels of latitude south and the 59th and 60th degrees of longitude west from Greenwich.  We embarked on it at about latitude 12 degrees 1 minute south, and about longitude 60 degrees 15 minutes west.  After that its entire course lay between the 60th and 61st degrees of longitude, approaching the latter most closely about latitude 8 degrees 15 minutes.  The first rapids we encountered were in latitude 11 degrees 44 minutes, and in uninterrupted succession they continued for about a degree, without a day’s complete journey between any two of them.  At 11 degrees 23 minutes the Rio Kermit entered from the left, at 11 degrees 22 minutes the Rio Marciano Avila from the right, at 11 degrees 18 minutes the Taunay from the left, at 10 degrees 58 minutes the Cardozo from the right.  In 10 degrees 24 minutes we encountered the first rubbermen.  The Rio Branco entered from the left at 9 degrees 38 minutes.  Our camp at 8 degrees 49 minutes was nearly on the boundary between Matto Grosso and Amazonas.  The confluence with the Aripuanan, which joined from the right, took place at 7 degrees 34 minutes.  The entrance into the Madeira was at about 5 degrees 20 minutes (this point we did not determine by observation, as it is already on the maps).  The stream we had followed down was from the river’s highest sources; we had followed its longest course.

APPENDIX A.

The Work of the Field Zoologist
and Field Geographer in South America

Portions of South America are now entering on a career of great social and industrial development.  Much remains to be known, so far as the outside world is concerned, of the social and industrial condition in the long-settled interior regions.  More remains to be done, in the way of pioneer exploring and of scientific work, in the great stretches of virgin wilderness.  The only two other continents where such work, of like volume and value, remains to be done are Africa and Asia; and neither Africa nor Asia offers a more inviting field for the best kind of field worker in geographical exploration and in zoological, geological, and paleontological investigation.  The explorer is merely the most adventurous kind of field geographer; and there are two or three points worth keeping in mind in dealing with the South American work of the field geographer and field zoologist.