either he or they, or both, feel that his character is alien to theirs.  Exiles are also on the whole men of considerable force of character; a quiet man would endure and succumb, he would not have energy to transplant himself or to become so conspicuous as to be an object of general attack.  We may justly infer from this, that exiles are on the whole men of exceptional and energetic natures, and it is especially from such men as these that new strains of race are likely to proceed.

INFLUENCE OF MAN UPON RACE.

The influence of man upon the nature of his own race has already been very large, but it has not been intelligently directed, and has in many instances done great harm.  Its action has been by invasions and migration of races, by war and massacre, by wholesale deportation of population, by emigration, and by many social customs which have a silent but widespread effect.

There exists a sentiment, for the most part quite unreasonable, against the gradual extinction of an inferior race.  It rests on some confusion between the race and the individual, as if the destruction of a race was equivalent to the destruction of a large number of men.  It is nothing of the kind when the process of extinction works silently and slowly through the earlier marriage of members of the superior race, through their greater vitality under equal stress, through their better chances of getting a livelihood, or through their prepotency in mixed marriages.  That the members of an inferior class should dislike being elbowed out of the way is another matter; but it may be somewhat brutally argued that whenever two individuals struggle for a single place, one must yield, and that there will be no more unhappiness on the whole, if the inferior yield to the superior than conversely, whereas the world will be permanently enriched by the success of the superior.  The conditions of happiness are, however, too complex to be disposed of by a priori argument; it is safest to appeal to observation.  I think it could be easily shown that when the differences between the races is not so great as to divide them into obviously different classes, and where their language, education, and general interests are the same, the substitution may take place gradually without any unhappiness.  Thus the movements of commerce have introduced fresh and vigorous blood into various parts of England:  the new-comers have intermarried with the residents, and their characteristics have been prepotent in the descendants of the mixed marriages.  I have referred in the earlier part of the book to the changes of type in the English nature that have occurred during the last few hundred years.  These have been effected so silently that we only know of them by the results.