best for withstanding the London climate, and for making full use of the capabilities of brickwork that can be employed, and I have no doubt that in the future it will be frequently resorted to.  Some of those examples also show the introduction of cast ornaments, and others the employment of carving as means of enriching the surface of brick walls with excellent effect.  Here we must leave the subject; but in closing, I cannot forbear pointing to the art of the bricklayer as a fine example of what may be accomplished by steady perseverance.  Every brick in the miles of viaducts or tunnels, houses, or public buildings, to which we have made allusion, was laid separately, and it is only steady perseverance, brick after brick, on the part of the bricklayer, which could have raised these great masses of work.  Let me add that no one brick out of the many laid is of no importance.  Some time ago a great fire occurred in a public asylum, and about L2,000 of damage was done, and the lives of many of the inmates endangered.  When the origin of this fire came to be traced out, it was found that it was due to one brick being left out in a flue.  A penny would be a high estimate of the cost of that brick and of the expense of laying it, yet through the neglect of that pennyworth, L2,000 damage was done, and risk of human life was run.  I think there is a moral in this story which each of us can make out if he will.

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A fireproof whitewash can be readily made by adding one part silicate of soda (or potash) to every five parts of whitewash.  The addition of a solution of alum to whitewash is recommended as a means to prevent the rubbing off of the wash.  A coating of a good glue size made by dissolving half a pound of glue in a gallon of water is employed when the wall is to be papered.

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PHENOMENA OF ALTERNATING CURRENTS.

[Footnote:  From a paper read before the recent meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York, and reported in the Electrical World.]

By Prof.  ELIHU THOMSON.

The actions produced and producible by the agency of alternating currents of considerable energy are assuming greater importance in the electric arts.  I mean, of course, by the term alternating currents, currents of electricity reversed at frequent intervals, so that a positive flow is succeeded by a negative flow, and that again by a positive flow, such reversals occurring many times in a second, so that the curve of current of electromotive force will, if plotted, be a wave line, the amplitude of which is the arithmetical sum of the positive and negative maxima of current or electromotive force, as the case may be, while a horizontal middle line joins the zero points of current or electromotive force.

[Illustration:  FIG. 1]