%472.  The National Debt and State Expenditures.%—­On the 31st of August, 1865, the national debt thus created reached its highest figure, and was in round numbers $2,845,000,000.

Besides the debt incurred by the national government, there were heavy expenditures by the states, and we might say by almost every city and town, amounting to $468,000,000.  But even when the war ended, the outlay on account of the war did not cease.  Each year there was interest to pay on the bonded debt, and pensions to be given to disabled soldiers and sailors, and to the widows and orphans of men killed, and claims for damages of all sorts to be allowed.  Between July 1, 1861, and June 30, 1879, the expenditure of the government growing out of the war amounted to $6,190,000,000.

Many men who served in the army made great personal sacrifices.  They were taken away from some useful employment, from their farms, their trades, their business, or their professions.  What they might have earned or accomplished during the time of service was so much loss.

%473.  The Cost in Human Life.%—­While the war was raging, Lincoln made twelve calls for volunteers, to serve for periods varying from 100 days to three years.  The first was the famous call of April 15, 1861, for 75,000 three-months men; the last was in December, 1864.  When the numbers of soldiers thus summoned from their homes are added, we find that 2,763,670 were wanted and 2,772,408 responded.  This does not mean that 2,770,000 different men were called into service or were ever at any one time under arms.  Some served for three months, others for six months, a year, or three years.  Very often a man would enlist and when his term was out would reenlist.  The largest number in service at any time was in April, 1865.  It was 1,000,516, of whom 650,000 were fit for service.  In 1865, 800,000 were mustered out between April and October.

Of those who gave their lives to preserve the Union, 67,000 were killed in battle, 43,000 died of wounds, and 230,000 of disease and other causes.  In round numbers, 360,000 men gave up their lives in defense of the Union.  How many perished in the Confederate army cannot be stated, but the loss was quite as large as on the Union side; so that it is safe to say that more than 700,000 men were killed in the war.[1]

[Footnote 1:  A table giving the size of the armies and the loss of life will be found in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol.  IV., pp. 767-768.]

%474.  Suffering in the South.%—­The South raised all the cotton, nearly all the rice and tobacco, and one third of the Indian corn grown in our country, and depended on Europe and the North for manufactured goods.  But when the North, in 1861 and 1862, blockaded her ports and cut off these supplies, her distress began.  Brass bells and brass kettles were called for to be melted and cast into cannon, and every sort of fowling piece and old musket was