CHAPTER

     I.—­Introduction

    II.—­Religion with Letters

   III.—­Education as a Right of Man

    IV.—­Actual Education

     V.—­Better Beginnings

    VI.—­Educating the Urban Negro

   VII.—­The Reaction

  VIII.—­Religion without Letters

    IX.—­Learning in Spite of Opposition

     X.—­Educating Negroes Transplanted to Free Soil

    XI.—­Higher Education

   XII.—­Vocational Training

  XIII.—­Education at Public Expense

  Appendix:  Documents

  Bibliography

  Index

The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Brought from the African wilds to constitute the laboring class of a pioneering society in the new world, the heathen slaves had to be trained to meet the needs of their environment.  It required little argument to convince intelligent masters that slaves who had some conception of modern civilization and understood the language of their owners would be more valuable than rude men with whom one could not communicate.  The questions, however, as to exactly what kind of training these Negroes should have, and how far it should go, were to the white race then as much a matter of perplexity as they are now.  Yet, believing that slaves could not be enlightened without developing in them a longing for liberty, not a few masters maintained that the more brutish the bondmen the more pliant they become for purposes of exploitation.  It was this class of slaveholders that finally won the majority of southerners to their way of thinking and determined that Negroes should not be educated.

The history of the education of the ante-bellum Negroes, therefore, falls into two periods.  The first extends from the time of the introduction of slavery to the climax of the insurrectionary movement about 1835, when the majority of the people in this country answered in the affirmative the question whether or not it was prudent to educate their slaves.  Then followed the second period, when the industrial revolution changed slavery from a patriarchal to an economic institution, and when intelligent Negroes, encouraged by abolitionists, made so many attempts to organize servile insurrections that the pendulum began to swing the other way.  By this time most southern white people reached the conclusion that it was impossible to cultivate the minds of Negroes without arousing overmuch self-assertion.