an establishment of his own.  He had come from Tennessee after emancipation.  He had not been back there and did not want to go.  He also saw black women keeping apple stalls and engaged in other such occupations so as to leave him under the impression that in the States, which he called intermediate between black and white countries the blacks evidently had no difficulty.—­See American Journal of Social Science, XI, pp. 32, 33.]

[Footnote 21:  American Journal of Social Science, XI, p. 33.]

[Footnote 22:  Ibid., XI, p. 33.]

[Footnote 23:  Spectator, LXVII, p. 571; Dublin Review, CV, p. 187; Cosmopolitan, VII, p. 460; Nation, LXVIII, p. 279.]

[Footnote 24:  According to the United States Census, of 1910, there are 137,612 Negroes in Oklahoma.]

[Footnote 25:  See Censuses of the United States.]

CHAPTER VIII

THE MIGRATION OF THE TALENTED TENTH

In spite of these interstate movements, the Negro still continued as a perplexing problem, for the country was unprepared to grant the race political and civil rights.  Nominal equality was forced on the South at the point of the sword and the North reluctantly removed most of its barriers against the blacks.  Some, still thinking, however, that the two races could not live together as equals, advocated ceding the blacks the region on the Gulf of Mexico.[1] This was branded as chimerical on the ground that, deprived of the guidance of the whites, these States would soon sink to African level and the end of the experiment would be a reconquest and a military regime fatal to the true development of American institutions.[2] Another plan proposed was the revival of the old colonization idea of sending Negroes to Africa, but this exhibited still less wisdom than the first in that it was based on the hypothesis of deporting a nation, an expense which no government would be willing to incur.  There were then no physical means of transporting six or seven millions of people, moreover, as there would be a new born for every one the agents of colonization could deport.[3]

With the deportation scheme still kept before the people by the American Colonization Society, the idea of emigration to Africa did not easily die.  Some Negroes continued to emigrate to Liberia from year to year.  This policy was also favored by radicals like Senator Morgan, of Alabama, who, after movements like the Ku Klux Klan had done their work of intimidating Negroes into submission to the domination of the whites, concluded that most of the race believed that there was no future for the blacks in the United States and that they were willing to emigrate.  These radicals advocated the deportation of the blacks to prevent the recurrence of “Negro domination.”  This plan was acceptable to the whites in general also, for, unlike the consensus of opinion of today,