the winter.  The King now marched to the Salisbury of that day, the deeply fenced hill of Old Sarum.  The men who had conquered England were reviewed in the great plain, and received their rewards.  Some among them had by failures of duty during the winter marches lost their right to reward.  Their punishment was to remain under arms forty days longer than their comrades.  William could trust himself to the very mutineers whom he had picked out for punishment.  He had now to begin his real reign; and the champion of the Church had before all things to reform the evil customs of the benighted islanders, and to give them shepherds of their souls who might guide them in the right way,

CHAPTER IX—­THE SETTLEMENT OF ENGLAND—­1070-1086

England was now fully conquered, and William could for a moment sit down quietly to the rule of the kingdom that he had won.  The time that immediately followed is spoken of as a time of comparative quiet, and of less oppression than the times either before or after.  Before and after, warfare, on one side of the sea or the other, was the main business.  Hitherto William has been winning his kingdom in arms.  Afterwards he was more constantly called away to his foreign dominions, and his absence always led to greater oppression in England.  Just now he had a moment of repose, when he could give his mind to the affairs of Church and State in England.  Peace indeed was not quite unbroken.  Events were tending to that famous revolt in the Fenland which is perhaps the best remembered part of William’s reign.  But even this movement was merely local, and did not seriously interfere with William’s government.  He was now striving to settle the land in peace, and to make his rule as little grievous to the conquered as might be.  The harrying of Northumberland showed that he now shrank from no harshness that would serve his ends; but from mere purposeless oppression he was still free.  Nor was he ever inclined to needless change or to that scorn of the conquered which meaner conquerors have often shown.  He clearly wished both to change and to oppress as little as he could.  This is a side of him which has been greatly misunderstood, largely through the book that passes for the History of Ingulf Abbot of Crowland.  Ingulf was William’s English secretary; a real history of his writing would be most precious.  But the book that goes by his name is a forgery not older than the fourteenth century, and is in all points contradicted by the genuine documents of the time.  Thus the forger makes William try to abolish the English language and order the use of French in legal writings.  This is pure fiction.  The truth is that, from the time of William’s coming, English goes out of use in legal writings, but only gradually, and not in favour of French.  Ever since the coming of Augustine, English and Latin had been alternative tongues; after the coming of William