The Tower of London.

next in importance.  This ancient citadel is the most celebrated in England, and dates back to the time of William the Conqueror (A.D., 1066) at least; but tradition refers it even to Caesar’s time.  It covers over twelve acres, and its walls are about three-fifth of a mile in circuit.  The outer walls of the White Tower, which stands within the fortifications, are fifteen feet thick.

“This Tower” (The Tower of London) “is a citadel to defend or command the city; a royal palace; a prison of state for the most dangerous offenders; the armory for warlike provisions; the treasury of the ornaments and jewels of the Crown; and general conserver of most of the records of the King’s courts of justice at Westminster.”—­Stow.

The Bloody Tower, so called because within it was committed the murder of the princes, Edward V. and Duke of York, sons of Edward IV., by order of Richard III.  In this Tower is the Jewel-house containing the regalia and the Crown jewels.  Among these, are St. Edward’s Crown which was made for the coronation of Charles II., (A.D., 1649), and used in the coronations of all the sovereigns since his time.  The Crown made for the coronation of Victoria, consisting of a purple velvet cap enclosed by hoops of silver, and studded with diamonds.  It weighs 13/4 pounds.  This Crown is estimated at L111,900 (about $550,000).  The Crown of the Prince of Wales, of pure gold, unadorned by jewels.  The Queen Consort’s Crown, of gold adorned with precious stones.  The Queen’s Diadem.  Besides, staffs, sceptres, spurs, the Ampulla of the Holy Oil, the Coronation Spoon, the Golden Salt-cellar of State, in the shape of a castle, Baptismal Font, used at the Christening of the Royal Children, a Silver Wine Fountain, maces, swords, bracelets &c.,—­all arranged upon a large table, enclosed by a glass case and shielded by iron palings.  These treasures are estimated at $17,000,000!

The Horse Armory is contained in a hall 150 feet long and 33 feet wide.  In the center, is a line of equestrian figures, 22 in number, clothed in the armor of the various reigns from the time of Edward I. to James II. (1272-1688).  When armory had reached its height, just before the introduction of gunpowder, the suits of armor were so heavy and covered the bodies of the soldiers and horses so completely, that a knight in full armor looked much like a turtle sitting upon an armadillo.  I saw a suit of armor that weighs 112 pounds, and a spear 18 feet in length.  In those days physical strength carried almost everything, while intelligence frequently counted nothing.  Looking at those mailed figures makes one almost feel ashamed of his ancestry.  Besides one of the blocks upor which were beheaded both the innocent and the guilty in former times, there are also on exhibition the Collar of Torture, 14 pounds in weight, the Thumb-screw, the Stocks, &c., a collection of instruments of torture well calculated to restore in the mind of the beholder, a vivid picture of the dark and wretched past, when man’s greatest and most dangerous enemy was his brother.  It seemed then to be the best policy of kings, queens, and of all noblemen, to get rid of brothers and sisters at the earliest convenience!