of animal.  And therefore when, to avoid unpleasant enumerations, men would comprehend both white and red, and several other such simple ideas, under one general name, they have been fain to do it by a word which denotes only the way they get into the mind.  For when white, red, and yellow are all comprehended under the genus or name colour, it signifies no more but such ideas as are produced in the mind only by the sight, and have entrance only through the eyes.  And when they would frame yet a more general term to comprehend both colours and sounds, and the like simple ideas, they do it by a word that signifies all such as come into the mind only by one sense.  And so the general term quality, in its ordinary acceptation, comprehends colours, sounds, tastes, smells, and tangible qualities, with distinction from extension, number, motion, pleasure, and pain, which make impressions on the mind and introduce their ideas by more senses than one.

17.  Sixthly, Names of simple Ideas not arbitrary, but perfectly taken from the existence of things.

Sixthly, The names of simple ideas, substances, and mixed modes have also this difference:  that those of mixed modes stand for ideas perfectly arbitrary; those of substances are not perfectly so, but refer to a pattern, though with some latitude; and those of simple ideas are perfectly taken from the existence of things, and are not arbitrary at all.  Which, what difference it makes in the significations of their names, we shall see in the following chapters.

Simple modes.

The names of simple modes differ little from those of simple ideas.

CHAPTER V.

Of the names of mixed modes and relations.

1.  Mixed modes stand for abstract Ideas, as other general Names.

The names of mixed modes, being general, they stand, as has been shewed, for sorts or species of things, each of which has its peculiar essence.  The essences of these species also, as has been shewed, are nothing but the abstract ideas in the mind, to which the name is annexed.  Thus far the names and essences of mixed modes have nothing but what is common to them with other ideas:  but if we take a little nearer survey of them, we shall find that they have something peculiar, which perhaps may deserve our attention.

2.  First, The abstract Ideas they stand for are made by the Understanding.

The first particularity I shall observe in them, is, that the abstract ideas, or, if you please, the essences, of the several species of mixed modes, are made by the understanding, wherein they differ from those of simple ideas:  in which sort the mind has no power to make any one, but only receives such as are presented to it by the real existence of things operating upon it.