II.

Ethnic conceptions.

Standards and Practices of Primitive Peoples.—­Sayings and Doings of Hindoos.—­Teachings of the Mahabharata.—­Harischandra and Viswamitra, the Job and Satan of Hindoo Passion-Play.—­Scandinavian Legends.—­Fridthjof and Ingeborg.—­Persian Ideals.—­Zoroastrian Heaven and Hell.—­“Home of Song,” and “Home of the Lie.”—­Truth the Main Cardinal Virtue with Egyptians.—­No Hope for the Liar.—­Ptah, “Lord of Truth.”—­Truth Fundamental to Deity.—­Relatively Low Standard of Greeks.—­Incidental Testimony of Herodotus.—­Truthfulness of Achilles.—­Plato.—­Aristotle.—­Theognis.—­Pindar.—­Tragedy of Philoctetes.—­Roman Standard.—­Cicero.—­Marcus Aurelius.—­German Ideal.—­Veracity a Primitive Conception.—­Lie Abhorrent among Hill Tribes of India.—­Khonds.—­Sonthals.—­Todas.—­Bheels.—­Sowrahs.—­ Tipperahs.—­Arabs.—­American Indians.—­Patagonians.—­Hottentots.—­ East Africans.—­Mandingoes.—­Dyaks of Borneo,—­“Lying Heaps.”—­Veddahs of Ceylon.—­Javanese.—­Lying Incident of Civilization.—­Influence of Spirit of Barter.—­“Punic Faith.”—­False Philosophy of Morals.

III.

Bible teachings.

Principles, not Rules, the Bible Standard.—­Two Pictures of Paradise.—­Place of Liars.—­God True, though Men Lie.—­Hebrew Midwives.—­Jacob and Esau.—­Rahab the Lying Harlot.—­Samuel at Bethlehem.—­Micaiah before Jehoshaphat and Ahab.—­Character and Conduct.—­Abraham.—­Isaac.—­Jacob.—­David.—­Ananias and Sapphira.—­Bible Injunctions and Warnings.

IV.

Definitions.

Importance of a Definition.—­Lie Positive, and Lie Negative.—­Speech and Act.—­Element of Intention.—­Concealment Justifiable, and Concealment Unjustifiable.—­Witness in Court.—­Concealment that is Right.—­Concealment that is Sinful.—­First Duty of Fallen Man.—­Brutal Frankness.—­Indecent Exposure of Personal Opinion.—­Lie Never Tolerable as Means of Concealing.—­False Leg or Eye.—­Duty of Disclosure Conditioned on Relations to Others.—­Deception Purposed, and Resultant Deception.—­Limits of Responsibility for Results of Action.—­Surgeon Refusing to Leave Patient.—­Father with Drowning Child.—­Mother and Wife Choosing.—­Others Self-Deceived concerning Us.—­Facial Expression.—­“A Blind Patch.”—­Broken Vase.—­Closed Shutters in Midsummer.—­Opened Shutters.—­Absent Man’s Hat in Front Hall.—­When Concealment is Proper.—­When Concealment is Wrong.—­Contagious Diseases.—­Selling a Horse or Cow.—­Covering Pit.—­Wearing Wig.—­God’s Method with Man.—­Delicate Distinction.—­ Truthful Statements Resulting in False Impressions.—­Concealing Family Trouble.—­Physician and Inquiring Patient.—­Illustrations Explain Principle, not Define it.

V.

The plea of “Necessity.”