formed a noble material on which every emancipating idea could work; men trained by persecutions to self-sacrifice and humble duties,—­making good soldiers, good farmers, good workmen in every department, honest and sturdy, patient and self-reliant, devoted to their families though not demonstrative of affection; keeping the Sunday as a day of worship rather than rest or recreation, cherishing as the dearest and most sacred of all privileges the right to worship God according to the dictates of conscience enlightened by the Bible, and willing to fight, even amid the greatest privations and sacrifices, to maintain this sacred right and transmit it to their children.  Such were the men who fought the battles of civil liberty under Cromwell and colonized the most sterile of all American lands, making the dreary wilderness to blossom with roses, and sending out the shoots of their civilization to conserve more fruitful and favored sections of the great continent which God gave them, to try new experiments in liberty and education.

I need not enumerate the different sects into which these Puritans were divided, so soon as they felt they had the right to interpret Scripture for themselves.  Nor would I detail the various and cruel persecutions to which these sects were subjected by the government and the ecclesiastical tribunals, until they rose in indignation and despair, and rebelled against the throne, and made war on the King, and cut off his head; all of which they did from fear and for self-defence, as well as from vengeance and wrath.

Nor can I describe the counter reformation, the great reaction which succeeded to the violence of the revolution.  The English reformation was not consummated until constitutional liberty was heralded by the reign of William and Mary, when the nation became almost unanimously Protestant, with perfect toleration of religious opinions, although the fervor of the Puritans had passed away forever, leaving a residuum of deep-seated popular antipathy to all the institutions of Romanism and all the ideas of the Middle Ages.  The English reformation began with princes, and ended with the agitations of the people.  The German reformation began with the people, and ended in the wars of princes.  But both movements were sublime, since they showed the force of religious ideas.  Civil liberty is only one of the sequences which exalt the character and dignity of man amid the seductions and impediments of a gilded material life.

AUTHORITIES.

Todd’s Life of Cranmer; Strype’s Life of Cranmer; Wood’s Annals of the
Oxford University; Burnet’s English Reformation; Doctor Lingard’s
History of England; Macaulay’s Essays; Fuller’s Church History; Gilpin’s
Life of Cranmer; Original Letters to Cromwell; Hook’s Lives of the
Archbishops of Canterbury; Butler’s Book of the Roman Catholic Church;
Wordsworth’s Ecclesiastical Biography; Turner’s Henry VIII.; Froude’s
History of England; Fox’s Life of Latimer; Turner’s Reign of Mary.