Zacatecas, tearing up the railroad around them, until they both retreated.  He maintained splendid order in Torreon; sent a detachment of one officer and twenty-five men to the American consul to protect American interests, and stationed patrols throughout the city with orders to shoot all looters.  At first, a few stores containing provisions and clothing were looted, and some Spaniards who were supposed to be aiding the Federals were killed, but the pillaging soon stopped.  Villa’s occupation of Torreon thus contrasted strikingly with Urbina’s occupation of Durango.

The capture of Torreon made precarious the military position of the Federals in Chihuahua, as Torreon was their principal supply point.  When Villa’s advance reached Santa Rosalia, the Federals evacuated their fortified position at that place and concentrated all available troops at Chihuahua City.  They expected that a decided attempt would be made by Villa to take it.  The Federals did succeed in repelling small attacks against Chihuahua on November 6th-9th and, to strengthen their garrison, they reduced the troops in Juarez until only 400 remained.  Villa, while keeping up the investment of Chihuahua City, prepared a force for a dash on Juarez, and on the night of November 14th-15th the Federal garrison at that place was completely surprised and the city was captured.

These are the main events (to December 1st) that marked this chapter in the inevitable struggle between the new Mexico and the old, before the United States by interfering actively in the tumult changed the entire character of the war.  The Carranza practise of killing the wounded shows that even the North has much to learn in civilized methods of warfare.  On the other hand, the self-restraint exercised, in many cases, against looting captured towns, indicates that progress has been made.  This account also indicates that the new Mexico, in aims as well as in material things, is getting the upper hand.

THE NEW DEMOCRACY

THE FORCES OF CHANGE DOMINATE AMERICA A.D. 1913

WOODROW WILSON

On March 4, 1913, Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as President of the United States, and thus became the central figure of a new and tremendously important movement.  He was, it is true, elected as the candidate of what is known as the Democratic party, which has existed since the days of Thomas Jefferson.  But the ideas advanced by President Wilson as being democratic were so different from the original theories and policies of Jefferson that President Wilson himself felt called on to formulate his principles in a now celebrated work entitled “The New Freedom.”  From the opening pages of this, as originally published in The World’s Work, we here, by permission of both the President and the magazine, give his own statement of the ideas of the new era.