and Leon Trotzky; also seven revolutionary Socialists.  These leaders at once sent an ultimatum to the Kerensky government, demanding their surrender within 20 minutes.  The government replied indirectly, refusing to recognize the Bolsheviki committee.  Rioting then broke out and the Winter Palace, headquarters of the provisional government, was besieged by troops favorable to the rebels.  The cruiser Aurora, firing from the Neva River, and the guns of the St. Peter and St. Paul fortress bombarded the palace and early next morning compelled the surrender of the government forces defending it.  Women of the “Battalion of Death,” armed with machine guns and rifles, were among the defenders, who held out for four hours.  Soon the Bolsheviki were in complete control of the city, Kerensky was in flight, several members of his cabinet were arrested by the rebels, and the provisional government was no more.

Several weeks of political and industrial chaos in Russia followed the Lenine coup d’ etat, which was a triumph, probably temporary, of extremists.  A number of the commissioners appointed by the Lenine-Trotzky faction to carry on the government, gave up their posts within a few days, characterizing the Bolsheviki regime as “impossible” and as inevitably involving “the destruction of the revolution and the country.”

On November 23, Leon Trotzky, styling himself “National Commissioner for foreign affairs,” addressed to the embassies of the Allies in Petrograd a note proposing “an immediate armistice on all fronts and the immediate opening of peace negotiations.”  An official announcement was also made that the Bolsheviki government had decided to undertake without delay the reduction of the Russian armies, beginning with the release from their military duties of all citizen soldiers conscripted in 1899.

SECOND “LIBERTY LOAN” OVERSUBSCRIBED

The second “Liberty Loan” of the United States war bond issues was largely oversubscribed by the patriotic citizens of the country.  When the books closed on October 27 it was announced that the subscriptions received from approximately 9,000,000 persons amounted to over $5,000,000,000, the amount of the bond issue being $3,000,000,000.

BRITISH SMASH HINDENBURG LINE

By a series of attacks on the morning of November 21 that took the German enemy completely by surprise, the British Third army, under command of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Julian Byng, broke through the Hindenburg line on a front of 32 miles between St Quentin and the Scarpe.  The following day, when they consolidated the new positions gained, 10, German prisoners were sent to the rear, with a large number of guns and quantities of material abandoned by the astonished enemy, while at one point the victorious troops were 6-1/2 miles in advance of their former positions and the city of Cambrai was brought within easy range of their guns.