or assembly of notables.  Origin of representative government in the Teutonic shire.  Representation unknown to the Greeks and Romans.  The ancient city as a school for political training.  Intensity of the jealousies and rivalries between adjacent self-governing groups of men.  Smallness of simple social aggregates and universality of warfare in primitive times.  For the formation of larger and more complex social aggregates, only two methods are practicable,—­conquest or federation.  Greek attempts at employing the higher method, that of federation.  The Athenian hegemony and its overthrow.  The Achaian and Aetolian leagues.  In a low stage of political development the Roman method of conquest with incorporation was the only one practicable.  Peculiarities of the Roman conquest of Italy.  Causes of the universal dominion of Rome.  Advantages and disadvantages of this dominion:—­on the one hand the pax romana, and the breaking down of primitive local superstitions and prejudices; on the other hand the partial extinction of local self-government.  Despotism inevitable in the absence of representation.  Causes of the political failure of the Roman system.  Partial reversion of Europe, between the fifth and eleventh centuries, towards a more primitive type of social structure.  Power of Rome still wielded through the Church and the imperial jurisprudence.  Preservation of local self-government in England, and at the two ends of the Rhine.  The Dutch and Swiss federations.  The lesson to be learned from Switzerland.  Federation on a great scale could only be attempted successfully by men of English political training, when working without let or hindrance in a vast country not preoccupied by an old civilization.  Without local self-government a great Federal Union is impossible.  Illustrations from American history.  Difficulty of the problem, and failure of the early attempts at federation in New England.  Effects of the war for independence.  The “Articles of Confederation” and the “Constitution.”  Pacific implications of American federalism.

III.

“MANIFEST DESTINY.”

The Americans boast of the bigness of their country.  How to “bound” the United States.  “Manifest Destiny” of the “Anglo-Saxon Race.”  The term “Anglo-Saxon” slovenly and misleading.  Statements relating to the “English Race” have a common interest for Americans and for Englishmen.  Work of the English race in the world.  The prime feature of civilization is the diminution of warfare, which becomes possible only through the formation of great political aggregates in which the parts retain their local and individual freedom.  In the earlier stages of civilization, the possibility of peace can be guaranteed only through war, but the preponderant military strength is gradually concentrated in the hands of the most pacific communities, and by the continuance of this process the permanent