[Footnote 6:  Dana is the name for religious charity, the first of the six paramitas, or means of attaining to nirvana; and a danapati is “one who practises dana and thereby crosses the sea of misery.”]

[Footnote 7:  This was the second summer since the pilgrims left Ch’ang-gan.  We are now, therefore, probably, in A.D. 400.]

[Footnote 8:  T’un-hwang is still the name of one of the two districts constituting the department of Gan-se, the most western of the prefectures of Kan-suh; beyond the termination of the Great Wall.]

CHAPTER II

On to Shen-shen and thence to Khoten

After travelling for seventeen days, a distance we may calculate of about 1500 li, the pilgrims reached the kingdom of Shen-shen, a country rugged and hilly, with a thin and barren soil.  The clothes of the common people are coarse, and like those worn in our land of Han, [1] some wearing felt and others coarse serge or cloth of hair; this was the only difference seen among them.  The king professed our Law, and there might be in the country more than four thousand monks, who were all students of the hinayana. [2] The common people of this and other kingdoms in that region, as well as the Sramans, [3] all practise the rules of India, only that the latter do so more exactly, and the former more loosely.  So the travellers found it in all the kingdoms through which they went on their way from this to the west, only that each had its own peculiar barbarous speech.  The monks, however, who had given up the worldly life and quitted their families, were all students of Indian books and the Indian language.  Here they stayed for about a month, and then proceeded on their journey, fifteen days’ walking to the northwest bringing them to the country of Woo-e.  In this also there were more than four thousand monks, all students of the hinayana.  They were very strict in their rules, so that Sramans from the territory of Ts’in were all unprepared for their regulations.  Fa-hien, through the management of Foo Kung-sun, maitre d’hotellerie, was able to remain with his company in the monastery where they were received for more than two months, and here they were rejoined by Pao-yun and his friends.  At the end of that time the people of Woo-e neglected the duties of propriety and righteousness, and treated the strangers in so niggardly a manner that Che-yen, Hwuy-keen, and Hwuy-wei went back towards Kao-ch’ang, hoping to obtain there the means of continuing their journey.  Fa-hien and the rest, however, through the liberality of Foo Kung-sun, managed to go straight forward in a southwest direction.  They found the country uninhabited as they went along.  The difficulties which they encountered in crossing the streams and on their route, and the sufferings which they endured, were unparalleled in human experience, but in the course of a month and five days they succeeded in reaching Yu-teen.