again, that he received it.  Needless to say this peerage had nothing whatever to do with his acceptance of another self-sacrificing duty.  It was not given till several months after he had promised to return to Canada; and he would certainly have refused it if it had been held out to him as an inducement to go there.  He became Baron Dorchester and was granted the not very extravagant addition to his income of a thousand pounds a year payable during four lives, his own, his wife’s, and those of his two eldest sons.  His elevation to the House of Lords met with the almost unanimous approval of his fellow-peers, in marked contrast to the open hostility they had shown towards his old enemy, Lord George Germain, when that vile wrecker had been ‘kicked upstairs’ among them.  The Carleton motto, crest, and supporters are all most appropriate.  The crest is a strong right arm with the hand clenched firmly on an arrow.  The motto is Quondam his vicimus armis—­We used to conquer with these arms.  The supporters are two beavers, typifying Canada, while their respective collars, one a naval the other a military coronet, show how her British life was won and saved and has been kept.

Carleton was a man of great reserve and self-control.  But his kindly nature must have responded to the cordial welcome which he received on his return to Quebec in October 1786.  It was not without reason that the people of Canada rejoiced to have him back as their leader.  All that the Indians imagined the Great White Father to be towards themselves he was in reality towards both red man and white.  Stern, when the occasion forced him to be stern, just in all his dealings between man and man, dignified and courteous in all his ways, a soldier through every inch of his stalwart six feet, he was a ruler with whom no one ever dreamt of taking liberties.  But neither did any deserving one in trouble ever hesitate to lay the most confidential case before him in the full assurance that his head and heart were at the service of all committed to his care.  And no other governor, before his time or since, ever inspired his followers with such a firm belief that all would turn out for the best so long as he was in command.

This power of inspiring confidence was now badly needed.  Everything in Canada was still provisional.  Owing to the war the Quebec Act of 1774 had never been thoroughly enforced.  Then, when the war was over, the Loyalists arrived and completely changed the circumstances which the act had been designed to meet.  The next constitution, the Canada Act of 1791, was of a very different character.  During the seventeen years between these two constitutions all that could be done was to make the best of a very confusing state of flux.  Not that the Quebec Act was a dead letter—­far from it—­but simply that it could not go beyond restoring the privileges of the French-Canadian priests and seigneurs within the area then effectively occupied by the French-Canadian