Zahir Shah, Mohammad Summary

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Afghan monarch Mohammad Zahir Shah [Credit: Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images]

Afghan monarch (born Oct. 15, 1914, Kabul, Afg.—died July 23, 2007, Kabul) as Afghanistan's last reigning king (1933–73), provided an era of stable government while maintaining a neutral position for his country in international politics. Zahir Shah ascended the throne at age 19, after the assassination of his father in November 1933, having previously served as a cabinet minister. For a number of years his relatives ran the government, but he asserted his power through the constitution of 1964, which established a constitutional monarchy and prohibited royal relatives from holding public office. Zahir Shah undertook a number of economic-development projects, including irrigation and highway construction, backed by foreign aid (largely from the U.S. and the Soviet Union), but his reforms seemed to have little effect outside the Kabul area. In the early 1970s the country suffered drought and famine.

Pashto tribes along the Pakistan border continued to press for autonomy, and the political structure in the capital was unable to deal with the country's economic problems. In a bloodless coup on July 17, 1973, Zahir Shah was deposed. The leader of the coup, Gen. Mohammad Daud Khan (the king's brother-in-law), proclaimed Afghanistan a republic with himself as its president. Zahir Shah formally abdicated on Aug. 24, 1973, and went into exile in Italy. Following the U.S. overthrow of the Taliban, he returned to Afghanistan in 2002. Zahir Shah, who publicly opposed the restoration of the monarchy and declined to run for president, was later given the honorary title Father of the Nation.

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