City (pop., 2004 est.: 1,101,900), capital of Armenia. Fortified since the 8th century &BC; and part of Armenia since the 6th century &BC;, it developed as an important centre of the caravan trade.
Over the centuries, its rulers have included the Romans, Arabs, Turks, and Russians; it fell to the latter in 1827. In 1920 it became the capital of independent Armenia and remained so during the period of Soviet rule and after independence was restored. Its industries include those producing chemicals, aluminum, automobiles, and electrical machinery.
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