(born April 5, 1856, Franklin county, Va., U.S.—died Nov. 14, 1915, Tuskegee, Ala.) U.S. educator and reformer. Born into slavery, he moved with his family to West Virginia after emancipation.
He worked from age nine, then attended (1872–75) and joined the staff of the Hampton (Va.) Normal and Agricultural Institute. In 1881 he was selected to head the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, a new teacher-training school for African Americans, and he successfully transformed it into a thriving institution (later Tuskegee University). He became perhaps the most prominent African American leader of his time. His controversial conviction that African Americans could best gain equality in the U.S. by improving their economic situation through education rather than by demanding equal rights was termed the Atlanta Compromise. His books include Up from Slavery (1901).
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