Province (pop., 2003 est.: 34,240,000), southeastern Pakistan. It is bordered by Balochistan and Punjab provinces, India, and, to the south, by the Arabian Sea. The capital is Karachi. The centre of the ancient Indus civilization, it was annexed to the Persian Achaemenian Empire in the 6th century &BC;.
Conquered by Alexander the Great in 325 &BC;, it was part of the Mauryan empire in the 3rd century &BC;. It fell to the Arabs &circa; &AD; 711. In the 16th–17th centuries it was ruled by the Mughals. It came under British control in 1843. After Pakistan's independence, Sind was integrated into the province of West Pakistan but in 1970 was reestablished as a separate province. It is arid except in the irrigated Indus River valley, where cotton, wheat, and rice are grown and where the population is concentrated.
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