SchrÖDer, Gerhard

(born April 7, 1944, Mossenberg, near Detmold, Germany) German politician, chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005.

Having practiced law in Hannover, Schröder was elected to the Bundestag (lower house of parliament) in 1980 and served there until 1986, when he lost an election for premier of the state of Lower Saxony. He led the Social Democratic Party (SPD) opposition in the state parliament until he was elected to the premiership in 1990. The SPD joined with the Greens, a left-leaning environmentalist party, in a “Red-Green” coalition government until 1994, when the SPD won a clear majority. Schröder's strong showing in the March 1998 state elections clinched his nomination as the party's candidate for federal chancellor, and in the fall of 1998 he led the SPD to electoral victory and formed a coalition government with the Greens.

As chancellor, Schröder was concerned with promoting European integration, reducing Germany's high rate of unemployment, limiting the use of nuclear power in energy production (a goal that was important to his coalition partners, the Greens), and furthering the economic reconstruction of eastern Germany. His government liberalized German laws on citizenship, allowing children of foreign parents to assume dual nationality and to choose their preferred nationality on entering adulthood, and deployed German troops in Kosovo (1999) and Afghanistan (2001). Despite economic stagnation and continuing high unemployment, Schröder was reelected as chancellor in 2002.

The early part of his second term was dominated by a diplomatic confrontation between members of the United Nations (UN) Security Council, which then included Germany, over UN efforts to ensure that Iraq did not continue to possess biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons. In November 2002 Germany supported a Security Council resolution requiring the return to Iraq of weapons inspectors, who had been withdrawn in 1998. In December, U.S. President George W. Bush charged that Iraq had failed to cooperate fully with the weapons inspectors; two months later, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Spain introduced a second resolution explicitly authorizing the use of military force against Iraq. Schröder, along with French President Jacques Chirac and Russian President Vladimir Putin, publicly opposed the resolution, proposing instead a toughened inspections regime. The disagreement led to a major rift in German-American relations. When the United States and the United Kingdom led an attack on Iraq in March 2003, Schröder expressed his country's strong opposition to the campaign.

On the domestic front, Germany's economy continued to worsen, and in 2003 Schröder announced a major reform program, which included cuts to the country's generous welfare system. The proposed changes proved unpopular, especially with Germany's powerful unions, and in 2004 Schröder stepped down as party leader. After the SPD's poor showing in the 2005 regional elections, Schröder engineered an early general election, in which the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and its sister party, the Christian Social Union, won a narrow victory but failed to capture a majority. Following weeks of negotiations, a coalition government was created with Angela Merkel of the CDU as chancellor. Schröder declined a cabinet position in the new administration.

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