(born 1040, Troyes, Champagne—died July 13, 1105, Troyes) Medieval French commentator on the Bible and the Talmud.
He studied in the schools of Worms and Mainz and became a local Jewish leader in the valley of the Seine &circa; 1065. His influential writings on the Bible examined the literal meaning of the text and used allegory, parable, and symbolism to analyze its nonliteral meaning. His landmark commentary on the Talmud is a classic introduction to biblical and postbiblical Judaism.
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