(born Nov. 11 or Dec. 17, 1493, Einsiedeln, Switz.—died Sept. 24, 1541, Salzburg, Archbishopric of Salzburg) German-born Swiss physician and alchemist.
He claimed to have received his doctoral degree at the University of Ferrara. He adopted the name “para-Celsus”—meaning “beyond Celsus” (the Roman authority on medicine)—and wandered throughout Europe and the Middle East, studying with alchemists. He valued the common sense of common people more than the dry teachings of Aristotle, Galen, and Avicenna and stressed nature's healing power. All were welcome at his lectures (which he gave in German, not Latin) at the University of Basel, but such broadmindedness scandalized the authorities, and eventually he was forced to flee the city. His written works include Great Surgery Book (1536). He anticipated by centuries the treatment of syphilis by mercury compounds, the realization that inhaled dust causes miners' silicosis, and homeopathy, and he was the first to connect goitre with minerals in drinking water.
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