Onsager, Lars

(born Nov. 27, 1903, Kristiania [now Oslo], Nor.—died Oct. 5, 1976, Coral Gables, Fla., U.S.) Norwegian-born American chemist whose development of a general theory of irreversible chemical processes gained him the 1968 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

His early work in statistical mechanics attracted the attention of the Dutch chemist Peter Debye, under whose direction Onsager studied at the Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich (1926–28). He then went to the United States and taught at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and Brown University, Providence, R.I.

He received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1935. He had joined the faculty of Yale in 1933 and became professor of theoretical chemistry there in 1945.

Onsager's first achievement was to modify (1925) the Debye-Hückel theory of electrolytic dissociation, which describes the motions of ions in solution, to take into account Brownian movement. He received the Nobel Prize for his pioneering work in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, which applied the laws of thermodynamics to systems that are not in equilibrium—i.e., to systems in which differences in temperature, pressure, or other factors exist. Onsager also was able to formulate a general mathematical expression about the behaviour of nonreversible chemical processes that has been described as the “fourth law of thermodynamics.”