city and port, New South Wales, Australia. It lies at the mouth of the Hunter River, 104 miles (168 km) by rail northeast of Sydney.
Newcastle originated as the small Coal Harbour Penal Settlement in 1801 and developed as an outlet for coal (from the Newcastle-Cessnock field) and for farm produce of the fertile hinterland. The city's iron and steel industries, established in 1915 by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company, Ltd. (BHP), came to rival its coal trade. Diversified industrialization followed, including metallurgy, engineering, shipbuilding, mineral sands mining (rutile and zircon), and major textiles. However, in the 21st century steel production declined dramatically.
Proclaimed a municipality in 1859, Newcastle became a city in 1885. Its port facilities (based on North Harbour, the Basin, and Port Waratah) include a floating dock. The University of Newcastle (formerly Newcastle University College) was established in 1965. Newcastle's War Memorial Cultural Centre opened in 1958, and the Newcastle Regional Museum opened in 1988. The city was struck by a moderate-sized earthquake in 1989 that damaged some buildings. Pop. (2006) local government area, 141,752; urban agglom., 493,467.
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