Lovell, James A(Rthur), Jr.

(born March 25, 1928, Cleveland) U.S. astronaut, commander of the nearly disastrous Apollo 13 flight to the Moon in 1970.

Lovell, a graduate (1952) of the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., became a test pilot and, at the time (1963) he was selected for the manned space program, was serving as a flight instructor and safety officer. He accompanied Frank Borman on the record-breaking 14-day flight of Gemini 7. Launched Dec. 4, 1965, Gemini 7 was joined in space by Gemini 6, launched 11 days later and manned by Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and Thomas P. Stafford, for the first successful space rendezvous. Lovell joined Edwin E. Aldrin for the last flight of the Gemini series, Gemini 12, which was launched on Nov. 11, 1966, and remained in orbit for four days.

Apollo 8 was launched on Dec. 21, 1968, and carried Lovell, Borman, and William Anders on the first manned flight around the Moon. This flight was the first of three preparatory to the Moon landing of Apollo 11.

With astronauts Fred W. Haise, John L. Swigert, Jr., and Lovell aboard, Apollo 13 lifted off on April 11, 1970, headed for the Fra Mauro Hills on the Moon. On April 13, approximately 205,000 miles (330,000 kilometres) from Earth, an explosion ruptured an oxygen tank in the service module. The resulting shortage of power and oxygen forced the abandonment of the Moon mission. Apollo 13's crew changed course to swing once around the Moon and then return to Earth. With the successful return of Apollo 13 on April 17, Lovell had completed over 715 hours of space travel.

In 1971 Lovell became a deputy director of the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. He retired from the Navy and the space program in 1973 but remained in Houston as a corporation executive.