(born Nov. 22, 1881, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire—died Aug. 4, 1922, Baldzhuan, Turkistan) Soldier and politician in the Ottoman Empire.
He was one of the Young Turks who deposed the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II in 1908. He later served as governor of Banghāzī, Libya (1912), chief of staff of the Ottoman army in the Second Balkan War (1913), and minister of war during World War I (1914–18). A rival of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the postwar period, he unsuccessfully sought Soviet help to overthrow him (1920). The Soviets permitted him to help organize the Turkic and Muslim Central Asian republics, but he joined Basmachi rebels against the Soviet Union and was killed fighting the Red Army.
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