Clarke, Sir Arthur C.

(born Dec. 16, 1917, Minehead, Somerset, Eng.—died March 19, 2008, Colombo, Sri L.) English writer who is notable for both his science fiction and his nonfiction.

Clarke was interested in science from childhood, but he lacked the means for higher education. He worked as a government auditor from 1936 to 1941 and joined a small, advanced group that called itself the British Interplanetary Society. From 1941 to 1946 Clarke served in the Royal Air Force, becoming a radar instructor and technician. While in the service he published his first science-fiction stories and in 1945 wrote an article entitled “Extra-Terrestrial Relays” for Wireless World. The article envisioned a communications satellite system that would relay radio and television signals throughout the world; this system was in operation two decades later.

In 1948 Clarke secured a bachelor of science degree from King's College in London. He went on to write more than 20 novels and 30 nonfiction books and is especially known for such novels as Against the Fall of Night (1953), Childhood's End (1953), The City and the Stars (1956), Rendezvous with Rama (1973; winner of Nebula and Hugo awards), The Fountains of Paradise (1979; winner of Nebula and Hugo awards), and The Songs of Distant Earth (1986). Collections of Clarke's essays and lectures include Voices from the Sky (1965), The View from Serendip (1977), Ascent to Orbit: A Scientific Autobiography (1984), Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography (1989), and By Space Possessed (1993).

In the 1950s Clarke developed an interest in undersea exploration and moved to Sri Lanka, where he embarked on a second career combining skin diving and photography; he produced a succession of books, the first of which was The Coast of Coral (1956).

Stanley Kubrick's hugely successful film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) was based on Clarke's short story “The Sentinel” (1951), which Clarke and Kubrick subsequently developed into a novel (1968), published under the same name as the movie. A sequel novel, 2010: Odyssey Two (1982), by Clarke alone, was released as a film in 1984. In 1997 he published 3001: The Final Odyssey. Clarke was knighted in 2000.