(born May 10, 1926, Concepción, Bolivia—died May 5, 2002, Santa Cruz) soldier and politician who was president of Bolivia from 1971 to 1978 and from 1997 to 2001.
Bánzer was educated at the Bolivian Army Military College and in two United States Army training schools. He served as minister of education from 1964 to 1966 in the cabinet of President René Barrientos and as military attaché in Washington from 1967 until 1969, when he returned to Bolivia to head the Military College. In successive governmental changes between right- and left-wing officers, the conservative Bánzer helped General Rogelio Miranda overthrow President Alfredo Ovando in September 1970; Bánzer himself overthrew the leftist General Juan José Torres on August 22, 1971. Bánzer encouraged foreign investment, but his restrictive policies regarding union activity and constitutional liberties led to opposition from labour leaders, clergymen, peasants, and students. All opposition was severely repressed. In 1974 he survived two coup attempts and also suppressed a peasant uprising.
Bánzer declined to run for president in the 1978 elections, which were won by General Juan Pereda Asbún amid universal charges of vote fraud (50,000 more votes were cast than there were registered voters).
Pereda himself requested a new election, but before it could take place, he staged a coup, forcing Bánzer to resign on July 21, 1978. Exiled by Pereda to Argentina, Bánzer returned in 1979 and founded the Acción Democrática Nacionalista (ADN; Nationalist Democratic Action), which became one of the country's most powerful parties. Bánzer ran for president in 1985 and won in the popular vote but lost in the subsequent run-off vote in the country's Congress. He was successful in his bid for the presidency in 1997, but his administration struggled amid allegations of corruption and nepotism. Several general strikes were held, and there were calls for his resignation. Bánzer drew international praise, however, for significantly reducing Bolivia's cultivation of coca, a plant used to produce cocaine. In 2001 Bánzer resigned from office after being diagnosed with cancer.
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