The term Gallowglass or Galloglass is an Anglicisation of the Irish, Gallóglaigh ("foreign soldiers"), incorporating the Celtic word Óglach, which is derived from oac, the Old Irish for "youths", but later meaning...

Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh / Ulaidh, Ulster Scots: Ulstèr, IPA: [ˈkwɪɟɪ ˈʌlˠu / ˈʌlˠi]) is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in addition to Connacht, Munster and Leinster. The term is often used informally as a synonym for Northern...

Presbyterian Church in Ireland

Anglo-Scot, Anglo-Scotch[1][2] or more rarely Scoto-English are terms applied to a variety of things[3] that are identified with both England and Scotland. Most commonly, it is used to refer to people born in, brought-up in, or long-term resident in...

Scots-Irish is an ethnic group from Ireland which ultimately traces its roots back to settlers from Scotland, and to a lesser extent, England. In particular Scots-Irish can often be traced back to the Scottish Highlands, Scottish Lowlands, Galloway, the English and Scottish Borders, Northern England, Wales, and even to some Huguenots as well ^[1]. The Scots-Irish and their descendants are primarily found in the Irish province of Ulster, where they are known as Ulster Scots, and in Canada and the USA. In the latter they are often referred to by the term Scotch-Irish. Most Scots in Ireland are Ulster Scots, but some do live in the Republic of Ireland, mainly in Donegal. The Scots-Irish are strongly identified with Protestantism, and in modern day Ireland with unionism. The Ulster-Scots are predominantly Presbyterian, with many Anglicans, some Congregationalists, and some Quakers. In America, many Scots-Irish people gravitated towards the Methodist and Baptist denominations, and were instrumental in establishing folk traditions in the mountainous region of Appalachia. In Ireland, Ulster Scots are usually identified with the Irish unionist tradition, although many Ulster-Scots involved themselves in the Society of United Irishmen, an Irish republican organisation in the late 1790s. Tony Blair is half Scots-Irish through his mother, Hazel Blair née Corscadden, who was born in Ballyshannon. In Northern Ireland (Ulster), Americans of Scots-Irish descent are sometimes referred to as 'Ulster-Americans', e.g. the Ulster American Folk Park tourist site. This avoids confusion with the 19th century emigration of Gaelic Catholic Irish from Ireland to America.

The migration, of Protestant Scots to Ulster, Dublin, and other parts of Ireland, occurred mainly during the 17th and 18th centuries. The first major influx of Scots into Ulster came during the settlement of east Down. This started in May 1606 and was followed in 1610 by the arrival of many more Scots as part of the Plantation of Ulster. During the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics attempted to expel the settlers, resulting in inter-communal violence and ultimately leading to the death of somewhere between 10,000 and 20,000 settlers and an undetermined number of Irish people over 10 years of war. The memory of this traumatic episode and the savage repression which followed, poisoned the relationship between the Scottish and English settlers and Irish Roman Catholics almost irreparably. The Scots-Irish population in Ulster was further augmented during the subsequent Irish Confederate Wars, when a Scottish Covenanter army was landed in the province to protect the settlers from Irish Catholic forces. After the war was over, many of the soldiers settled permanently in Ulster. Finally, another major influx of Scots into northern Ireland happened in the 1690s, when tens of thousands of people fled a famine in Scotland to come to Ulster. The settlers and their descendants, the majority of whom were Presbyterian or Episcopalian, became the majority in the province of Ulster. However, along with Roman Catholics, Presbyterians and other non-Anglican Protestants were legally disadvantaged by the Penal Laws, which gave full rights only to Anglicans, who were mainly the descendants of English settlers belonging to the Church of Ireland. For this reason, up until the 19th century, and despite their common fear of the dispossessed Catholics, there was considerable disharmony between the Presbyterian and the Anglican population of Ulster. In 1798, many Ulster-Scots joined the United Irishmen and participated in the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

In the United States Census, 2000, 4.3 million Americans (1.5% of the population of the USA) claimed Scots-Irish ancestry. Some suggest that the true scale of Scots-Irish ancestry is higher, either because those of Scots-Irish descent may regard themselves as simply Irish, simply Scottish, or British; The other is that most of the descendants of this historical group have been so well melted into the soup pot that is American society for so long that, like English-Americans or German-Americans, they do not identify with their non-American ancestors as strongly as a group like the Irish-Americans. Also, most Scots-Irish have ancestry in North America that precedes the founding of the United States, thus they count themselves as among the original colonial settlers & identify the American continent as their place of origin rather than the British Isles. Many such "American" Scots-Irish settled in the southern U.S. states, landing in Virginia, North and South Carolina, and sometimes in Georgia, and gradually moving westward into Mississippi, Tennessee, etc.