Salt of the Earth bibliography of articles and books at UC Berkeley Media Resources.

Salt of the Earth at the Internet Movie Database.

Salt of the Earth study guide from the The City University of New York.

The film has also been preserved by the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Labor history

Rosaura Revueltas as Esperanza Quintero

Will Geer as Sheriff

David Wolfe as Barton

The Hollywood Ten documentary

Salt of the Earth at All Movie Guide.

Salt of the Earth (1954) is an American drama film written by Michael Wilson, directed by Herbert J. Biberman, and produced by Paul Jarrico. All had been blacklisted by the Hollywood establishment due to their involvement in socialist politics.^[1] The film is about a labor strike in a zinc mine in New Mexico in the early 1950s, led by Mexican-Americans and Anglo miners. The film shows how the miners (the union men and their wives), the company, and the police react during the strike. The movie became historical and has a cult following due to how the United States establishment (politicians, journalists, studio executives, and other trade unions) dealt with the film. Salt of the Earth is one of the first pictures to advance the feminist social and political point-of-view.

Salt of the Earth tells the story of a long, difficult strike by Mexican-American miners against the Empire Zinc Company in Bayard (near Silver City), New Mexico in 1950-1951. (In the film, the events were set in the fictional village of "Zinc Town.") In a neorealist style many of the miners and their families had parts in the film. The film opens with a narration from Esperanza Quintero (Rosaura Revueltas). She begins:

The issues the miners strike for include equity in wages with Anglo workers, and health and safety issues. Ramon Quintero (Juan Chacon) helps organize the strike, but at home he treats his wife as a second class citizen. His wife, Esperanza Quintero, who is pregnant with their third child, is traditionally passive at first and is reluctant either to take part in the strike or to assert her rights for equality at home. But she changes her attitude when the men are forced to end their picketing by a Taft-Hartley Act injunction. The women convince the men at the union hall, after a long debate, and proudly take their place in the picket line.

According to Linda Gross the film was called subversive and blacklisted because it was sponsored by the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers and produced by many members of the "blacklist." Prior to making the film the union had been expelled from the CIO in 1950 for their alleged Communist-dominated leadership.^[2]

In 1947, director Herbert Biberman became one of ten Hollywood writers and directors that was subpoenaed by the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities. They were "unfriendly" witnesses and, as such, were cited for contempt of Congress when they refused to answer questions about their Communist Party USA affiliation. Biberman and his fellow "Ten" went to jail over their contempt convictions. Biberman was imprisoned in the Federal Correctional Institution at Texarkana for a period of six months. After his release he directed this film.^[3]

The producers, in neo-realist fashion, used only five members who were professional actors. The rest were locals from Grant County, New Mexico, or members of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, Local 890 (many of whom were part of the actual strike that inspired the story). Juan Chacón, for example, was a real-life Union Local president. In the film he plays the main protagonist who has trouble dealing with women as equals.^[4]

Others who made the film and had been blacklisted by the Hollywood studios include: Paul Jarrico, Will Geer, Rosaura Revueltas, and Michael Wilson. The film was denounced by the United States House of Representatives for its supposed Communist sympathies, and the FBI investigated the film's financing. The American Legion called for a nation-wide boycott of the film. Also, film-processing labs were told not to work on Salt of the Earth and unionized projectionists were instructed not to show it. After its opening night in New York City, the film languished for ten years because all but twelve theaters in the country refused to screen it.^[5] Lee Hockstader writing for The Washington Post wrote: "During the course of production in New Mexico in 1953, the trade press denounced it as a subversive plot, anti-Communist vigilantes fired rifle shots at the set, the film's leading lady [Rosaura Revueltas] was deported to Mexico, and from time to time a small airplane buzzed noisily overhead....The film, edited in secret, was stored for safekeeping in an anonymous wooden shack in Los Angeles."^[6]

The story of the film's suppression, as well as the events it depicted, inspired an underground audience of unionists, leftists, feminists, Mexican-Americans, and film historians. The film found a new life in the 1960s and gradually reached wider audiences through union halls, women's centers, and film schools. The 50th anniversary of the film saw a number of commemorative conferences held across the United States.^[7] The "Salt of the Earth Labor College" located in Tucson, Arizona is named after the film. The pro-labor institution (not a college, per se) holds various lectures and forums related to unionism and economic justice. The film is screened on a frequent basis.^[8] In 2002 linguistics professor and political commentator Noam Chomsky praised the film because of the way people were portrayed doing the real work of unions. He said, "[T]he real work is being done by people who are not known, that's always been true in every popular movement in history...I don't know how you get that across in a film. Actually, come to think of it, there are some films that have done it. I mean, I don't see a lot of visual stuff, so I'm not the best commentator, but I thought Salt of the Earth really did it. It was a long time ago, but at the time I thought that it was one of the really great movies -- and of course it was killed, I think it was almost never shown."^[9]

Due to the nature of the film and McCarthyism being in full force, the Hollywood establishment did not embrace the film. The Hollywood Reporter charged at the time that it was made "under direct orders of the Kremlin."^[10] Its harshest detractor was Pauline Kael, who reviewed the film for Sight and Sound in 1954 and labeled it "as clear a piece of Communist propaganda as we have had in many years."^[11] However, the famed New York Times film critic, Bosley Crowther, was not deterred by the right-wing political correctness of the time. He reviewed the picture favorably, both the screenplay and the direction. He wrote, "In the light of this agitated history, it is somewhat surprising to find that Salt of the Earth is, in substance, simply a strong pro-labor film with a particularly sympathetic interest in the Mexican-Americans with whom it deals...But the real dramatic crux of the picture is the stern and bitter conflict within the membership of the union. It is the issue of whether the women shall have equality of expression and of strike participation with the men. And it is along this line of contention that Michael Wilson's tautly muscled script develops considerable personal drama, raw emotion and power." Crowther ends his review by calling the film "a calculated social document."^[12] Moreover, the film found a wide audience in both Western and Eastern Europe in the 1950s.^[13] Currently, the film has a 100% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on eight reviews.^[14]

On July 27, 1999, a digitally restored print of the film was released in DVD by Geneon (Pioneer), and packaged with the documentary The Hollywood Ten, which reported on the ten filmmakers who refused to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), resulting in their being blacklisted. In 2004, a budget edition DVD was released by Alpha Video. A laserdisc version has also been released by the Criterion Collection. Public domain Because the film's copyright was not renewed in 1982 the film is now in the public domain and can be downloaded to a DVD for free.^[15]

Karlovy Vary International Film Festival: Best Actress: Rosaura Revueltas; Crystal Globe Award for Best Picture, Herbert J. Biberman, Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad), Czech Republic; 1954.

In 1992 the film was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.

The film has been adapted into a two-act opera named Esperanza. The labor movement in Wisconsin linked forces with University of Wisconsin-Madison opera professor Karlos Moser and commissioned the production of the new musical celebrating labor. The music was written by David Bishop and the libretto by Carlos Morton. The opera premiered in Madison, Wisconsin, on August 25, 2000 to positive reviews.^[17] A drama film, based on the making of the film, was chronicled in One of the Hollywood Ten (2000). It was produced and directed by Karl Francis and released in September 29, 2000 in Spain and European countries. It has not been released, neither a limited or wide basis, in the United States. The film has been shown at many film festivals around the world.

The Suppression of Salt of the Earth. How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America, by James J. Lorence. University of New Mexico Press: 1999. ISBN 0-8263-2027-9 (cloth), ISBN 0-8263-2028-7 (paper).

Salt of the Earth: The Story of a Film, by Herbert J. Biberman. Harbor Electronic Publishing, New York (2nd edition, 2004): 1965. See: Cineaste review of book.