a complex number

There are differences of opinion about the proper definition for the result of a numeric function which receives a (quiet) NaN as input. One view is that the NaN should propagate to the output of the function in all cases to propagate the indication of an error. Another view is that if the function has multiple arguments and the output is uniquely determined by all the non-NaN inputs, then that value should be the result.

Signalling NaNs, or sNaNs, are special forms of a NaN which when consumed by most operations should raise an invalid exception and then, if appropriate, be "quieted" into a qNaN which may then propagate. They were introduced in IEEE 754. There have been several ideas for how these might be used:

Using an sNaN as a placeholder for a more complicated object such as:

a representation of a number which has overflowed

a representation of a number which has underflowed

In computing, NaN (Not a Number) is a value or symbol that is usually produced as the result of an operation on invalid input operands, especially in floating-point calculations. For example, most floating-point units are unable to explicitly calculate the square root of negative numbers, and will instead indicate that the operation was invalid and return a NaN result.

In floating-point calculations, NaN is not the same as infinity, although both are typically handled as special cases in floating-point representations of real numbers as well as in floating-point operations. An invalid operation is also not the same as an arithmetic overflow (which might return an infinity) or an arithmetic underflow (which would return the smallest normal number, a denormal number, or zero). IEEE 754 NaNs are represented with the exponential field filled with ones and some non-zero number in the significand. A bit-wise example of a IEEE floating-point standard single precision NaN: x11111111axxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. x = undefined. If a = 1, it is a quiet NaN, otherwise it is a signalling NaN. A NaN does not compare equal to any floating-point number or NaN, even if the latter has an identical representation. One can therefore test whether a variable has a NaN value by comparing it to itself (i.e. if x != x then x is NaN). In the IEEE floating-point standard, arithmetic operations involving NaN always produce NaN, allowing the value to propagate through a calculation so that errors can be detected early. In the proposed IEEE 754r revision of that standard the same rule applies, except that a few anomalous functions (such as the maxnum function, which returns the maximum of two operands which are expected to be numbers) favour numbers—if just one of the operands is a NaN then the value of the other operand is returned. A different approach has been implemented in the NaN 'toolbox' for GNU Octave and MATLAB. In that toolbox, NaNs are assumed to represent missing values and so the statistical functions ignore NaNs in the data instead of propagating them. Every computation in the NaN toolbox is based on the data values only, which can be useful if it is known that NaNs cannot be produced by errors.

When encountered a trap handler could decode the sNaN and return an index to the computed result. In practice this approach is faced with many complications. The treatment of the sign bit of NaNs for some simple operations (such as absolute value) is different than for arithmetic operations. Traps are not required by the standard. There are other approaches to this sort of problem which would be more portable. There were questions about if signalling NaNs should continue to be required in the revised standard. In the end it appears they will be left in.

The first view is that the output should be NaN since one of the inputs is. The second view is that since pow(1, y) = 1 for any real number y, or even if y is infinity or -infinity, then it is appropriate to return 1 for the case of pow(1, NaN). This is the approach in many math libraries. A similar concern is for the test

which is true for all extended real values of x. But in IEEE 754 (NaN <= infinity) is false.

Most fixed sized integer formats do not have any way of explicitly indicating invalid data. Perl's BigInt package uses "NaN" for the result of strings which don't represent valid integers.

The encoding to distinguish a signaling NaN from a quiet NaN was not specified in IEEE 754, which has led to at least two variant encodings. The current IEEE 754r proposal recommends (for binary encodings, in section 6.2.1) that the first fraction bit of the significand be set to one for a qNaN and be zero for an sNaN. This ensures that when an sNaN is converted to a qNaN (by inverting that bit) the result is guaranteed to still be a NaN (rather than perhaps an infinity, should all remaining bits of the significand be zero). On processors from Intel and AMD the first fraction bit of a binary significand is set to one for a qNaN and is zero for an sNaN. Other vendors use different schemes. For the proposed IEEE 754r decimal encodings, Infinities and NaNs are distinguished at a 'higher level', and so there is no confusion between NaNs and Infinities. Therefore, in this case, a 1 is used (in the equivalent position) to indicate sNaN, because turning this to 0 still indicates a (quiet) NaN. Hence, an initialization of all-ones sets any storage for these encodings to signaling-NaN, which is an appropriate setting for 'uninitialized' numeric data.