In the following essay, Kagan-Kans provides an overview of the development of Russian realism during the period from 1850 to 1880, focusing on the short fiction of Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, and Fedor Dostoevsky, among others.

In the following essay, Johnson contends that a shift in Chekhov's narrative perspective during the late period of his career added greater depth and complexity to his short stories.

In the following essay, Becker investigates the works of the Goncourt brothers, highlighting their innovations in the techniques of realism and overall importance to the Realist movement.

In the following excerpt, Weinberg reviews the basic tenets of, and the vehement reaction against, French Realism of the mid-nineteenth century.

In the following excerpt, Sullivan categorizes Guy de Maupassant's short fiction.

In the following essay, Hocks explores the international theme—the contrast between Americans and Europeans—in Henry James's short fiction.

In the following essay, Stone provides an overview of the short fiction of Anthony Trollope.

In the following essay, originally delivered as a lecture in 1977, White examines affinities between the realistic style of Flaubert's Sentimental Education and Marx's historical and ideological rendering of nineteenth-century French history in The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.

In the following excerpt, Scott discusses the importance of religion, primarily as an object of ridicule and derision, in several French Realist novels.

In the following excerpt, Bates provides an overview of nineteenth-century European realist short fiction writers Anton Chekhov (here spelled Tchehov), Guy de Maupassant, and Leo Tolstoy.

In the following excerpt, Levin outlines the historical contexts of Realism and discusses its predominance in the French literary tradition.

In the following essay, Killick considers the influence of Gustave Flaubert on Guy de Maupassant through a comparison of two stories that share similar elements of plot and theme.

In the following essay, Mylne explores the trend toward increased use of realistic dialogue in French fiction of the eighteenth century.

In the following essay, Silbajoris discusses the ways in which the aesthetic principals of Ivan Turgenev inform the realist social critique expressed in his short story collection Sportsman's Notebook.

In the following essay, Hook contends that Mark Twain's greatest contribution to realism in his short fiction was primarily through his use of American vernacular speech.

In the following essay, Boyd surveys the history of French Realism from the writings of Balzac to those of his contemporaries in the 1920s.

In the following essay, Kelly examines the critical reaction to the rise of both photography and the Realist aesthetic in mid-nineteenth century France.

In the following essay, Allingham delineates the defining characteristics of Dickens's short fiction.

In the following essay, Stipa explores the literary symbolism underlying the serving-maid's obsessive infatuation with a dead parrot in Flaubert's story “Un Cœur simple.”

In the following excerpt, Steele analyzes the setting of L'Education sentimentale in order to examine the problematic nature of representation in this Realist text.

In the following essay, Tintner treats Henry James's short story “The Patagonia” as an attempt to improve the characterization and plot of English realist Anthony Trollope's story “The Journey to Panama.”

In the following essay, Humphries questions the ability of realistic fiction faithfully to reproduce reality without evoking an allegorical significance.

In the following essay, Current-Garcia discusses the emergence of a realist aesthetic in American short fiction of the mid-nineteenth century.

In the following essay, originally published in 1886, Hearn decries the "revolting realism" prevalent among the works of his contemporary writers in France.