In the following excerpt, Fideler discusses the significant elements of Pythagoras's thought and assesses the influence of these ideas in the present era.

In the following essay, McKirahan presents an overview of Pythagorean thought on issues of religion, mathematics, number theory, and cosmology, citing contemporaneous sources as evidence for his statements.

In the following excerpt, Guthrie highlights evidence of Pythagoras's teachings and life in the works of his contemporaries and other important figures in the history of ancient Greece.

In the following essay, Kahn outlines the critical debate surrounding Pythagoras and his contributions to ancient Greek philosophy, examining the doctrines generally attributed to him and the evidence that might substantiate these attributions.

In the following essay, Barnes analyzes Pythagorean arguments for the immortality and transmigration of the soul.

In the following excerpt, De Vogel surveys modern criticism of Pythagoras, especially of his presumed dual role as a religious leader and as a scientist-philosopher.

In the following excerpt, Hussey examines evidence of the life of Pythagoras and the immediate impact of his thought on Graeco-Roman medicine, mathematics, astronomy, music, and philosophy.

In the following essay, Fuller summarizes the contributions of Pythagoras to the fields of music, mathematics, medicine, and astronomy. He notes the influence of the Pythagorean ideas of duality and their distinction between the concepts of "form" and "matter" on later philosophical thought.

In the following essay, Heninger recounts perceptions of Pythagoras and his thought from the Renaissance.