In the following essay, Schoolfield surveys assorted nineteenth and twentieth century poetic interpretations of Hadrian's relationship with the youth Antinous.

In the following excerpt, Alexander presents Hadrian's major concerns as an emperor based on an examination of his extant official documents and speeches.

In the following essay, den Boer describes some of the difficulties in determining and reconciling Hadrian's views on religion, tracing them to three distinct phases in the emperor's development.

In the following essay, Hadas surveys Latin literature during the reign of Hadrian.

In the following excerpt, Williams examines edicts and letters of Hadrian as documentary evidence that sheds light on the emperor's personal traits.

In the following essay, Birley summarizes Hadrian's accomplishments and reviews his reputation.

In the following excerpt, Henderson examines Hadrian's leisure activities and evaluates his contribution to literature.

In the following essay, Griffiths sets forth the argument that Hadrian may have been influenced by the Egyptian concept of the ba, a bird with a human head, when he describes the soul in his most celebrated poem.