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There are 22 critical essays on Byzantium Poems.
Critical Essays on Byzantium Poems
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 Critical Essay by William Empson
9,766 words, approx. 33 pages
 In the following essay, Empson examines earlier drafts of Yeats's Byzantium poems to gain insight into the work.
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Critical Essay by Simon O. Lesser
9,550 words, approx. 32 pages
In the following essay, Lesser rejects earlier interpretations of “Sailing to Byzantium,” instead viewing it as a sad poem written by an old man dreading his imminent death.
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Critical Essay by E. San Juan, Jr.
7,149 words, approx. 24 pages
In the following essay, San Juan offers a reading of “Sailing to Byzantium” that underscores the thematic concerns of the poem, particularly those of transition and change.
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Critical Essay by Georg Roppen and Richard Sommer
6,432 words, approx. 21 pages
In the following essay, Roppen and Sommer explore the defining themes of “Sailing to Byzantium” and “Byzantium,” contending that the poems “work out a myth of spiritual and artistic rebirth.”
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Critical Essay by Russell Murphy
5,470 words, approx. 18 pages
In the following essay, Murphy underscores the importance of historical events in Byzantium as they relate to Yeats's poems.
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Critical Essay by J. L. Kerbaugh
4,185 words, approx. 14 pages
In the following essay, Kerbaugh speculates on Yeats's arrangement of “Sailing to Byzantium” and “The Tower” in his poetry collection, The Tower.
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Critical Essay by James A. Notopoulos
4,152 words, approx. 14 pages
In the following essay, Notopoulos considers the impact that Byzantine imagery and history had on Yeats's poetry and notes the Platonic elements in “Sailing to Byzantium.”
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Critical Essay by Herbert J. Levine
3,994 words, approx. 13 pages
In the following essay, Levine determines the influence of art historian John Ruskin's work on Yeats's Byzantium poems.
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Critical Essay by James Lovic Allen
3,825 words, approx. 13 pages
In the following essay, Allen finds parallels in imagery and meaning between Yeats's “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” and “Sailing to Byzantium.”
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Critical Essay by Virginia Pruitt
3,329 words, approx. 11 pages
In the following essay, Pruitt contends that “Sailing to Byzantium” and “The Tower” not only discuss the issue of aging, but asserts that each poem is “part of a process, that they are complements.”
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Critical Essay by Ruth Elizabeth Sullivan
2,410 words, approx. 8 pages
In the following essay, Sullivan interprets “Sailing to Byzantium” as a yearning for the past, a “regression to the early, non-sexual state of oral union with mother.”
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Critical Essay by Vilas Sarang
2,396 words, approx. 8 pages
In the following essay, Sarang analyzes the contrasting symbolism in Yeats's Byzantium poems.
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Critical Essay by Harry Modean Campbell
1,686 words, approx. 6 pages
In the following essay, Campbell interprets Yeats's vision of Byzantium as an “unorthodox but devoutly religious version of the New Jerusalem.”
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Critical Essay by Jonathan Allison
1,297 words, approx. 4 pages
In the following essay, Allison suggests a lecture by his father, John Butler Yeats, in 1906 as a possible source for the last line of “Sailing to Byzantium.”
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Critical Essay by Thomas L. Dume
1,087 words, approx. 4 pages
In the following essay, Dume considers the origin of the tree and birds in “Sailing to Byzantium.”
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Critical Essay by R. Fréchet
936 words, approx. 3 pages
In the following essay, Fréchet assesses the influence of Keats's “Ode to a Nightingale” on “Sailing to Byzantium.”
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Critical Essay by Michael Steinman
802 words, approx. 3 pages
In the following essay, Steinman submits Shakespeare's King Lear as the origin for the bird imagery in “Sailing to Byzantium.”
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