SOURCE: St. Armand, Barton Levi. “Poe's Unnecessary Angel: ‘Israfel’ Reconsidered.” In Ruined Eden of the Present: Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe, pp. 283-302. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 1981.
In the following essay, St. Armand compares Poe's “Israfel” with Ralph Waldo Emerson's “Uriel.”
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