SOURCE: Swales, Martin. “Irony and the Novel: Reflections on the German Bildungsroman.” In Reflection and Action: Essays on the Bildungsroman, edited by James N. Hardin, pp. 46-68. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.
In the following essay, Swales examines the Bildungsroman genre, particularly its use of irony, contending that the genre is a vital part of the European novel tradition, with a palpable legacy in the twentieth-century novel.
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