SOURCE: “Two Meditations on Stanislaw Lem,” in Science-Fiction Studies, Vol. 13, Pt. 3, November, 1986, pp. 374–81.
In the following essay, Kandel discusses the evolution of Lem's philosophical outlook and various literary approaches, from satire to cross-genre philosophy to science fiction. Kandel concludes that Fiasco evinces an unsettling bleakness and total lack of redemption not found in Lem's previous works.
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