SOURCE: “Lem as Moral Theologian,” in Science-Fiction Studies, Vol. 21, Pt. 2, July, 1994, pp. 212–24.
In the following essay, Krabbenhoft examines elements of Christian morality in Lem's novels concerning human encounters with extraterrestrial life. Focusing on Fiasco, Solaris, The Invincible, and His Master's Voice, Krabbenhoft discusses the conflicts and juxtapositions of religious morality and scientific rationality as humans interact with alien beings whose intentions and spiritual essence is ambiguous or unknown.
