SOURCE: Wessel, Karl. “Worlds of Chance and Counterfeit: Dick, Lem, and the Preestablished Cacophony.” In Philip K. Dick: Contemporary Critical Interpretations, edited by Samuel J. Umland, pp. 43-59. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995.
In the following essay, Wessel explores the themes of forgery, conspiratorial “reality,” and paranoia in Dick's work and the writing of Stanislaw Lem, especially in the former's story “Shell Game” and the latter's novel Solaris.
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