Demonstratives Demonstratives are one type of indexical. Like other indexicals, demonstratives can be used to refer to different objects on different occasions. Some examples of demonstratives are that, this, you, he, she, there, then, this...

Gaunilo(Fl. 11th Century) Soon after St. Anselm circulated his Proslogion, it was the target of a vigorous rejoinder by an otherwise unknown Benedictine monk named Gaunilo. Although Guanilo 111. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1993....

Bahrdt, Carl Friedrich(1740 or 1741 bingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1913....

Catha Edulis What Kind of Drug Is It? Khat is a STIMULANT that comes from the fresh leaves of a shrubby bush known as Catha edulis. These leaves, along with the youngest of twigs on the bush, have both a chemical structure and an effect sim...

Any corporation registered and operating in more than one country at a time, usually with its headquarters in a single country. A firm's advantages in establishing itself multinationally include both vertical and horizontal economies of sc...

Product Life Cycle and Industry Life Cycle Recognizing that all living things go through a cycle of birth, growth, maturity, and death, the inspiration for the concepts of product life cycle and industry life cycle comes from biology. The l...

Analytic Jurisprudence Analytic jurisprudence divides into two related areas: substantive and methodological. Until the late 1980s most analytic jurisprudence had been substantive. It focused on producing theories of the nature of law, the ...

The German philosopher and naturalist St. Albertus Magnus (ca. 1193-1280), also known as Albert the Great, was a dominant figure in the evolution of Christian scholastic thought and a precursor of modern science. Albert was born in Lauinge...

Anne Conway is one of the interesting yet overlooked figures in the history of Western philosophy. She demonstrates that women were active participants in philosophical debates as early as the seventeenth century and offers an original phi...

ArdigÒ, Roberto(1828–1920) Roberto Ardigò, the principal figure in Italian positivism, was born in Casteldidone in Cremona. He became a Catholic priest, but left the priesthood when, at the age of forty-three, he found ...

Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin (1842-1921), Russian prince, was both a scientist and an anarchist. He combined biological and historical fact to derive a theory of "mutual aid" to support his belief in the superiority of an anarchist society....

Consulting Management consulting is generally a contract advisory service provided to organizations in order to identify management problems, analyze them, recommend solutions to these problems, and when requested, help implement the soluti...

the charter of English liberties granted by King John in 1215 under threat of civil war and reissued with alterations in 1216, 1217, and 1225. The charter meant less to contemporaries than it has to subsequent generations. The solemn circu...

Shoemaker, Sydney(1931 83. Locke, John. An Essay concerning Human Understanding, edited by Peter H. Nidditch. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1985....

any of several major representative groups of classical Protestantism that arose in the 16th-century Reformation. Originally, all of the Reformation churches used this name (or the name Evangelical) to distinguish themselves from the &ldqu...

The Christian theologian and leader Marcion (active mid-2nd century) promulgated views that were condemned as heterodoxy. Marcion came from the Black Sea seaport town of Sinope on what is now the northern shore of Turkey. According to the ...

Extroversion A term used to characterize children and adults who are typically outgoing, friendly, and open toward others. Extroverts are people who are often leaders, work well in groups, and prefer being with others to being alone. Other ...

Morgan, Thomas(D. 1743) Thomas Morgan, the Welsh deist, dissenting minister, doctor of medicine, freethinker, and religious controversialist, was born of a poor family but received a free education from the Reverend John Moore, a dissenter....

Kaufmann, Walter Arnold(1921–1980) Walter Kaufmann was born in Freiburg, Germany, on July 1, 1921. He emigrated to the United States in 1939, as conditions in Germany became ominous for those of Jewish descent (Kaufmann's fath...

Apartheid Apartheid, an Afrikaans word meaning literally Schuster, 1998. Neville, Alexander. An Ordinary Country. Issues in the Transition from Apartheid to Democracy in South Africa. New York: Berghahn Books, 2003....

Communication disorders affecting speech and language can afflict children and adults. They can be the result of damage to the brain's language areas, such as when a person suffers a stroke, and affect the way words are spoken and the way ...

Risk Management Risk management is a systematic process of identifying and assessing company risks and taking actions to protect a company against them. Some risk managers define risk as the possibility that a future occurrence may cause ha...

Leadership Theories and Studies Leadership can be defined as a process by which one individual influences others toward the attainment of group or organizational goals. Three points about the definition of leadership should be emphasized. F...

Desgabets, Robert(1610 llig neubearbeitete Ausgabe. Die Philosophie des 17. Jahrhunderts. Vol. 2, Frankreich, und Niederlande, vol. 1, edited by Jean-Pierre Schobinger. Basil: Schwabe, 1993. Schmaltz, Tad M. Radical Cartesianism: The French...

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is widely recognized as the greatest writer of the German tradition. The Romantic period in Germany (the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries) is known as the Age of Goethe, and Goethe embodies the conc...