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The name "Warring States" (Zhanguo) refers to a period of Chinese history ending with the unification of China under the first emperor of the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE. While there is universal agreement that the Warring States ...
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ZHANG DAOLING, semilegendary figure of the second century CE, depicted in hagiographies as a master of long life (changsheng) who put his disciples to tests, vanquished demons, and prepared the elixir of immortality. He is said to have rec...
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78-139 Chinese mathematician and astronomer who developed the world's first seismoscope, as well as one of the earliest rotating globes. His seismoscope, an ingenious invention that he unveiled in 132, consisted of a cylinder surro...
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ZHANG JUE (d. 184 CE), founder of the Yellowa Turban sect. Zhang Jue was heir to the doctrines of Yu Ji, a sorcerer and healer who preached and practiced in Shandong and who was probably the author of the Taiping qingling shu (Book of Grea...
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ZHANG LU (fl. 184–220), grandson of Zhang Daoling, founder of the sect of the Celestial Masters, and the sect's third Celestial Master. In 184 CE Zhang Lu led the sect in rebellion against the Han dynasty and established an i...
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fl. 138-114 B.C. Chinese official who journeyed to central Asia, establishing the first contact between China and other civilizations. Prior to Chang Ch'ien, the Chinese had known only of barbarians beyond their frontiers. It was to...
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(b. 1951), Chinese film director. Zhang Yimou is currently China's best-known film director. Born in Xi'an, Sichuan Province, he began his film career in the early 1980s as a cinematographer. A leader among China's &#x...
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Chang Chih-tung (1837-1909) was a Chinese official and reformer. A brilliant Confucian scholar, he was convinced of the peerless quality of China's traditional culture. However, to preserve it, he introduced Western-type industry, educatio...
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The Chinese warlord Chang Tso-lin (1873-1928) unified Manchuria and brought it into the realm of national Chinese politics. Forced to contend with ambitious neighbors, he distrusted the Russians and leaned toward the Japanese. Chang Tso-li...
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The Chinese painter Chao Meng-fu (1254-1322) was a high official under the Yüan dynasty, 1279-1369, and helped to establish the tradition of amateur scholarly painting, wen-jen-hua. Chao Meng-fu was born at Huchow in Chekiang Province...
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The Chinese politician Zhao Ziyang (Zhao Xiusheng; born 1919) was premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1989 and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party from 1987 to 1989. He championed a number of political and e...
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(2001 pop. 47 million). One of the most fertile and wealthiest provinces in China, Zhejiang lies on China's southeastern coast just south of the Chang (Yangtze) river delta and China's largest city, Shanghai. It is bordered o...
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Cheng Ho (1371-ca. 1433) was a eunuch in the service of the Ming emperor Yung-lo and commander in chief of the Chinese expeditionary fleet to the South Seas in the early years of the 15th century. Born into a family named Ma, presumably of...
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The Chinese Buddhist monk Chih-i (538-597) founded one of the most popular schools of Chinese Buddhism, the T'ien-t'ai. Chih-i, also known as Chih-k'ai, was born Ch'en Wang-tao in South China in 538. He grew up in a chaotic period, during ...
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The era popularly known as the Zhou dynasty covers two time periods: the Western Zhou period (1045–771 BCE) and the Eastern Zhou period (770–221 BCE). During the Western Zhou period, the Zhou lineage ruled from the capital, Z...
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Chou En-lai (1898-1976) was a Chinese Communist leader and premier of the People's Republic of China. From the 1920s on Chou was among the top leaders of the Chinese Communist party. Chou En-lai was born in Huaian, Kiangsu Province, into a...
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Chu Teh (1886-1976), or Zhu De, was a Chinese Communist military leader. He became closely associated with Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) in 1928 and was for many years afterward commander in chief of the Communist military forces. One of 14 ch...
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(b. 1928), Chinese premier. Following the end of Li Peng's term as premier of the Chinese Communist Party in 1998, Zhu Rongji was named premier. Zhu was born on 20 October 1928 in Changsha, Hunan Province. While an electrical engine...
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fl. c. 1280-1303 Chinese Mathematician The career of Chu Shih-chieh advanced studies in arithmetic and geometric series, as well as finite differences. He produced two notable written works, both of which were destined to have an impact on...
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Chu Hsi (1130-1200) was one of the greatest Chinese scholars and philosophers. The system of Neo-Confucianism of which Chu Hsi is regarded as the spokesman represents a summary of doctrines of his predecessors as well as original ideas of ...
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The Zhuang are a minority people living in south and southwest China, mostly in the mountainous areas of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Yunan province. A number of Zhuang communiti...
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The Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu (ca. 369-ca. 286 BC), also known as Chuang Chou, was the most brilliant of the early Taoists and the greatest prose writer of his time. Not much is known of the life of Chuang Tzu. The Shih Chi (Historica...
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(b. 1947), Mongolian astronaut. Jugderdemidiyn Gurragchaa was the first Mongolian astronaut. He was born 5 December 1947 in the town of Gurvan-Bulak, in the Bulgan province of Mongolia. After attending the Ulaanbaatar Agricultural Institut...
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ZHUHONG (1535–1615), also known as Master Yunqi; an important Buddhist leader in the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644). A reformer of monastic Buddhism, a synthesizer of various Buddhist traditions, and a successful promoter of l...
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A talented author of tales, novels, and a travelogue, Mar'ia Zhukova was quite popular with general readers and highly regarded by critics in the 1830s and 1840s. She made a significant contribution to the development of Russian prose fict...
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Bangladesh president Ziaur Rahman, popularly known as Zia (1936-1981), succeeded to a significant extent in bringing political and economic stability to the new nation following a period of great disruption. Mansur Rahman, father of Ziaur ...
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Study Pack: 3 Biographies, 1 eBook
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The literary productions, journalistic writings, and political activism of Imants Ziedonis make him one of the most important personalities on the twentieth-century Latvian cultural scene. Central to his multifaceted creativity is the idea...
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Brainchild of Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld and his first wife, European singer Anna Held, The Ziegfeld Follies dominated the American theatrical revue scene from 1907 until the late 1920s and early 1930s when the popularity of vaud...
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The revolutionary Ziegler-Natta reaction involves the catalytic polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes) to yield non-branching, linear polymers. These polymers are known as high-densityon account of their superior strength and...
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Ziehen, Theodor(1862–1950) Theodor Ziehen, the German psychologist and philosopher, was born in Frankfurt am Main and served as professor of psychiatry at the universities of Jena, Utrecht, Halle, and Berlin. He lived as a private sc...
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The publication of Dale Zieroth's work in two important 1970s anthologies established him as one of the significant new voices in Canadian poetry of the decade. That Zieroth's poems were included in Storm Warning (1971), edited by Al Purdy...
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A zikir is a litany formula that usually follows an Islamic prayer, but which can also be practiced at other times. The Arabic word dhikr, which literally means "mention," "remembrance," "evocation,...
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"Growing up in a rather limited, narrow environment," Zilpha Keatley Snyder writes in Innocence & Experience: Essays & Conversations on Children's Literature, "I escaped through books and games into a much wider world. I loved almo...
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Republic of Zimbabwe CAPITAL: Harare FLAG: The flag has seven equal horizontal stripes of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green. At the hoist is a white triangle, which contains a representation in yellow of the bird of Zimbabw...
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Paul Zimmer was born in Canton, Ohio. He attended Kent State University beginning in 1952, but his education was interrupted from 1954 to 1955 by service in the army. He was back at Kent State from 1956 until 1959, but he did not receive h...
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Zinaida Hippius was a formative figure among members of the progressive Russian intelligentsia at the turn of the twentieth century. She distinguished herself as a poet, playwright, fiction writer, essayist, memoirist, and critic. Her acti...
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Zinc is the first element in Group 12 of the periodic table, one of the transition metals. It has an atomic number of 30, an atomic mass of 65.38, and a chemical symbol of Zn. Zinc is a bluish white metal that is neither ductile nor malle...
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Zinc Oxide Overview Zinc oxide (ZINC OX-side) is a white to gray to yellowish powder with no odor but a bitter taste. It occurs in nature as the mineral zincite. Zinc oxide is perhaps best known as an ingredient in cosmetics, personal care ...
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Julius Wilhelm Zincgref was a patriot as well as a reformer. He believed that national identity finds its source and sustenance in a common language and in educational and linguistic reforms that guarantee national and religious freedoms. ...
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Norton Zinder is a molecular geneticist and John D. Rockefeller Jr. Professor of molecular genetics at Rockefeller University in New York City. He also serves as the university's dean of graduate and postgraduate studies. Zinder is known p...
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Zines are nonprofessional, anti-commercial, small-circulation magazines their creators produce, publish, and distribute themselves. Typed up and laid out on home computers, zines are reproduced on photocopy machines, assembled on kitchen t...
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A member of the struggle for Tunisian independence, Zine el Abidine Ben Ali (born 1936) held many posts in the new government, rising to the position of prime minister in 1987. On November 7, 1987, he removed the aging and infirm President...
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