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Aaron Klug Aaron Klug was born on August 11, 1926, in Zelvas, Lithuania, the son of Lazar Klug, a cattle dealer, and Bella Silin Klug. When he was two years old, he and his parents emigrated to Durban, South Africa. While attending Durban High School... Study Pack: 4 Biographies, 1 Summary About 14 pages (4,124 words) in 5 products

Spontaneous Generation   From the seventeenth century, through the Middle Ages, and until the late nineteenth century, it was generally accepted that some organisms originated directly from nonliving matter. Such "spontaneous generation" appeared to ... Study Pack: 6 Summaries About 21 pages (6,355 words) in 6 products

Active Site Biological systems are dependent on the proper functioning of enzymes. Specific enzymes act to aid specific reactions. Enzymes achieve this specificity through differences in the shape and composition that reflect genetic differences (i.e.... Study Pack: 2 Summaries About 3 pages (798 words) in 2 products

Adaptation and Fitness   When I first arrived at Burnaby North Secondary, I felt lost. I had just recently moved from Coquitlam to Burnaby, making the transition from Middle School to High School even more grueling. In Coquitlam, I attended Hillcrest Middle School... Study Pack: 8 Summaries, 1 Essay About 16 pages (4,930 words) in 9 products

Adenosine Deaminase (Ada) Deficiency ADA deficiency is an inherited condition that occurs in fewer than one in 100,000 live births worldwide. Individuals with ADA deficiency inherit defective ADA genes and are unable to produce the enzyme adenosine deaminase in their cells. T... Study Pack: 2 Summaries About 4 pages (1,047 words) in 2 products

Adenosine Triphosphate (Atp) Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was discovered in 1929 by the German chemist Karl Lohmann. Its chemical structure consists of an adenosine nucleotide structure to which three phosphoryl groups are sequentially attached via cleavable bonds.... Study Pack: 5 Summaries About 23 pages (6,780 words) in 5 products

Adolf Mayer German microbiologist Adolf Mayer was one of the first scientists to study tobacco mosaic disease. Although he incorrectly concluded that it was caused by bacteria, other scientists would draw upon his work as they eventually discovered th... Study Pack: 1 Biography, 1 Summary About 3 pages (743 words) in 2 products

Aids   LE SIDA VIH et les SIDAS nous affectent tous, indépendamment de notre position dans la société. La situation de le SIDA s'empire de jour en jour et se répète un peu partout. Souligner la gravité de la problem... Study Pack: 16 Summaries, 2 Viewpoints, 10 Essays, 5 Criticisms, 1 Quotes About 557 pages (167,197 words) in 34 products

Albert von Kölliker Rudolph Albert von Kölliker was born in Zurich, Switzerland, on July 6, 1817, the son of a bank officer. After graduating from the Zurich gymnasium, he studied science and medicine at the University of Zurich. He earned his Ph.D. from... Study Pack: 4 Biographies, 2 Summaries About 10 pages (3,130 words) in 6 products

Albinism Albinism is an inherited condition present at birth, characterized by a lack of pigment that normally gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Many types of albinism exist, all of which involve lack of pigment in varying degrees. The condi... Study Pack: 4 Summaries About 24 pages (7,230 words) in 4 products

Albrecht Kossel Albrecht Kossel isolated several major structural parts of the nucleic acids and discovered histidine, an essential amino acid. He received the 1910 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine for his work with the nucleic acids and cellular pro... Study Pack: 5 Biographies, 2 Summaries About 12 pages (3,692 words) in 7 products

Alcoholism, Genetic Factors   "When the White man came, the Indians had the land and the White man had the liquor.  Now, the White man has the land and the Indians have the liquor" (Mitchell et al. 144). Durante del encuentro y la conquista del Norteamérica, ... Study Pack: 21 Summaries, 3 Viewpoints, 6 Essays About 537 pages (161,220 words) in 30 products

John Alec Jeffreys, Sir Sir Alec Jeffreys of the University of Leicester, along with a team of his colleagues, established a means of creating a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprint. This method allows for the identification of a human from their DNA material.... Study Pack: 1 Biography, 3 Summaries About 13 pages (3,785 words) in 4 products

Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin   Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin was a prominent biochemist best known for his theory that life on earth originated from inorganic matter. Although a belief that life formed through spontaneous generation was prevalent up to the nineteenth centu... Study Pack: 3 Biographies, 1 Summary About 17 pages (5,117 words) in 4 products

Alexander Robertus Todd   Chemist Alexander Todd researched the chemistry of nucleotides and was influential in synthesizing vitamins for commercial applications. For his work on nucleotides, he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Alexander Todd was awar... Study Pack: 5 Biographies, 2 Summaries About 26 pages (7,925 words) in 7 products

Alfred G. Knudson, Jr. Alfred G. Knudson, Jr. was a man ahead of his time when he proposed the "two-hit" hypothesis for cancer in 1971. In those days, it was generally accepted that cancer was usually a sporadic event, but in the cases that appeared to be famili... Study Pack: 1 Biography, 1 Summary About 4 pages (1,064 words) in 2 products

Alfred Day Hershey   Alfred Day Hershey (1908-1997) shared the Nobel Prize in medicine for his research on viruses. By seeking to understand the reproduction of viruses, the simplest form of life, Alfred Day Hershey made important discoveries about the nature ... Study Pack: 6 Biographies, 2 Summaries About 21 pages (6,336 words) in 8 products

Alfred Russel Wallace   The English naturalist and traveler Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), independently of Darwin, discerned the mechanism of evolution by natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace, the eighth of nine children, was born on Jan. 8, 1823, at Usk... Study Pack: 5 Biographies, 4 Summaries, 1 Quotes About 71 pages (21,312 words) in 10 products

Alfred Henry Sturtevant   Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891-1970) was a geneticist and National Medal of Science winner whose principles of gene mapping greatly affected the field of genetics. A. H. Sturtevant, an influential geneticist and winner of the National Medal... Study Pack: 4 Biographies, 2 Summaries About 23 pages (6,915 words) in 6 products

Allan C. Wilson Allan Wilson, an evolutionary biochemist was born in Ngaruawahia, New Zealand in 1934. Wilson earned a BS at Otago University and in 1955 began work on his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley. At Berkeley, Wilson set up a biochem... Study Pack: 1 Biography, 2 Summaries About 5 pages (1,522 words) in 3 products

Alleles and Allotype   The difference between multiple allele inheritance and polygenic inheritance is multiple allele inheritance is a trait that has more than one possible outcome. For example, a coin has two sides and there is a 50/50 chance of landing on o... Study Pack: 5 Summaries, 1 Essay About 11 pages (3,361 words) in 6 products

Fixed Allele   The difference between multiple allele inheritance and polygenic inheritance is multiple allele inheritance is a trait that has more than one possible outcome. For example, a coin has two sides and there is a 50/50 chance of landing on o... Study Pack: 5 Summaries, 1 Essay About 11 pages (3,361 words) in 6 products

Gene Frequency Gene frequency is a measure of how common a particular allele is as a proportion of all possible alleles at a given locus (a physical location on a chromosome) within a population. This measure is also referred to as allelic frequency. If ... Study Pack: 3 Summaries About 6 pages (1,641 words) in 3 products

Allosteric Regulation Allosteric regulation is the major mechanism by which enzymes are controlled in cells. Since enzymes perform virtually every function in a cell, their regulation is a vital part of cell biochemistry. Enzymes are highly specific catalysts f... Study Pack: 3 Summaries About 9 pages (2,568 words) in 3 products

Alteration of Generation During sexual reproduction two gametes, each of which is haploid, unite to form a single-celled zygote, which is diploid. As a consequence of the chromosome doubling that occurs during fertilization, at some point in the organism's ... Study Pack: 4 Summaries About 11 pages (3,146 words) in 4 products

Altruism   Altruism, defined as an action that benefits the receiver but comes at some cost to the performer, is one of the four types of social interactions that can occur between animals of the same species. Figure 1 summarizes these four interacti... Study Pack: 8 Summaries About 64 pages (19,154 words) in 8 products

Alzheimer's Disease   What is Alzheimer's? Alzheimer's is a complex disease of the brain. It causes the gradual loss of brain cells and will eventually cause death. Many people suffer from the disease. It has no cure. Signs and Symptoms: Memory loss ... Study Pack: 9 Summaries, 3 Essays About 126 pages (37,731 words) in 12 products

Amino Acid   Amino acids, the building blocks of all protein molecules, are nitrogen-containing organic compounds that consist of at least one acidic carboxyl group (COOH) and one amino group (NH2). In alpha amino acids that are contained in the protei... Study Pack: 9 Summaries About 45 pages (13,401 words) in 9 products

Amino Acid Chemistry   Amino acids, the building blocks of all protein molecules, are nitrogen-containing organic compounds that consist of at least one acidic carboxyl group (COOH) and one amino group (NH2). In alpha amino acids that are contained in the protei... Study Pack: 9 Summaries About 45 pages (13,401 words) in 9 products

Amino Acid Disorders and Screening   Amino acids, the building blocks of all protein molecules, are nitrogen-containing organic compounds that consist of at least one acidic carboxyl group (COOH) and one amino group (NH2). In alpha amino acids that are contained in the protei... Study Pack: 9 Summaries About 45 pages (13,401 words) in 9 products

Amniocentesis Amniocentesis is a procedure used to obtain amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnosis of a fetus. Cells naturally are exfoliated from the surface of the fetus and some of these cells survive for a time in the fluid surrounding the fetus in the... Study Pack: 6 Summaries About 12 pages (3,502 words) in 6 products

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a molecular biology technique that combines the accuracy of restriction nuclease digest with the precision of the polymerase chain reaction. The technique generates hundreds to hundreds of t... Study Pack: 2 Summaries About 3 pages (931 words) in 2 products

Anagenesis Versus Cladogenesis Most evolution consists of two processes: anagenesis and cladogenesis. Anagenesis describes the transformations occurring within a single lineage, as a population develops new characteristics. Cladogenesis, by contrast, describes the split... Study Pack: 2 Summaries About 2 pages (647 words) in 2 products

André Michel Lwoff   The French microbiologist, protozoologist, and geneticist André Lwoff (1902-1994) was influential in the creation of the European Organization of Molecular Biology in 1964. André Lwoff, born May 8, 1902, at Ainay-le-Châ... Study Pack: 4 Biographies, 2 Summaries About 18 pages (5,251 words) in 6 products

Nancy C. Andreasen Nancy C. Andreasen is an author and professor of psychiatry known for her investigations relating mental illness to the biological processes of the brain. She was the first to use populations, such as twins to disentangle genetic and envir... Study Pack: 1 Biography About 1 pages (373 words) in 1 product

Angelman Syndrome   A.S occurs when there is an abnormality in chromosome fifteen (Angelman Syndrome begins at birth.) Most likely, one of these genes controls the brain development, especially the parts that deal with language, movement, and pigmentation. It ... Study Pack: 2 Summaries, 1 Essay About 12 pages (3,621 words) in 3 products

Animal Husbandry Animal husbandry is the scientific breeding and management of domesticated livestock to achieve qualities desired to meet various nutritional, labor, recreational, and other derivative needs, such as leather, fur, and pharmaceutical source... Study Pack: 3 Summaries About 8 pages (2,245 words) in 3 products

Antibiotics   Antibiotics are drugs such as penicillin, streptomycin, and erythromycin that are administered orally or by injection to rid the body of harmful bacteria that cause disease. Some microscopic bacteria that enter the human body through an op... Study Pack: 10 Summaries About 51 pages (15,391 words) in 10 products

Antibody and Antigen   Antibodies are protein molecules that function in the body's immune response. They are present throughout the circulatory and lymph systems, and are therefore exposed to all tissues in the body. An antibody is able to recognize and ... Study Pack: 10 Summaries About 61 pages (18,221 words) in 10 products

Antisense Rna Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is made up of two strands. Both strands can act as templates to produce a molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA). One of the DNA strands contains information on the organism in which it resides. The RNA produced... Study Pack: 1 Summary About 1 pages (318 words) in 1 product

Apoptosis Death is an inevitable fact of life for organisms. Increasingly, biologists have come to realize that death is also, in many cases, an important and predestined fate of individual cells of organisms. Apoptosis is a process by which cells i... Study Pack: 3 Summaries About 21 pages (6,268 words) in 3 products

Arabidopsis Thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana, or thale cress, is a small flowering plant in the mustard family. Arabidopsis has no inherent agricultural value and is even considered a weed, but it is one of the favored model organisms of plant geneticists and mol... Study Pack: 3 Summaries About 10 pages (3,036 words) in 3 products

Archaeogenetics: Genetic Studies of Ancient Peoples The initial peopling of most of the large land masses in the prehistoric era is usually explained by basic theories that appeal to reason. For example, that groups of prehistoric peoples would periodically migrate into North America via a ... Study Pack: 2 Summaries About 4 pages (1,047 words) in 2 products

Archibald Garrod Archibald Garrod was a physician whose innovative work in clinical medicine and chemistry led him to discover a new class of human disease based on hereditary factors. A pioneer in biochemistry, Garrod stressed the chemical uniqueness of e... Study Pack: 4 Biographies, 3 Summaries About 17 pages (5,128 words) in 7 products

Arthur Kornberg   The discovery of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) polymerase by Arthur Kornberg (born 1918) provides scientists with the tool they need to make copies of DNA. Arthur Kornberg discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase, a natural, chemica... Study Pack: 7 Biographies, 2 Summaries About 30 pages (8,981 words) in 9 products

Arvid Carlsson On October 9, 2000, Arvid Carlsson, along with Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel, received the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for work concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. The three scientists have enhanced the underst... Study Pack: 2 Biographies, 1 Summary About 8 pages (2,398 words) in 3 products

Asexual Reproduction Although sexual reproduction is more frequent, asexual reproduction also commonly occurs in the plant kingdom. The technical term for asexual reproduction in plants is apomixis, derived from apo meaning "without," and mixis m... Study Pack: 4 Summaries About 12 pages (3,726 words) in 4 products

Asilomar Conference   Soon after the discovery in 1970 of the first restriction enzyme by American microbiologist Hamilton Smith, it became possible to combine DNA from different sources into one molecule, producing recombinant DNA. Concern by scientists and la... Study Pack: 4 Summaries About 18 pages (5,419 words) in 4 products

Carrier In genetics, the term carrier describes an organism that carries two different forms of a recessive gene (alleles of a gene linked to a recessive trait) and is thus heterozygous for that the recessive gene. Although carriers may act to con... Study Pack: 2 Summaries About 2 pages (662 words) in 2 products

Ataxia-Telangiectasia Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), also called Louis-Bar syndrome, is a rare genetic disease. It affects multiple systems. Individuals with A-T usually die by their early 20s. Nervous system abnormalities become apparent by age two, and muscle c... Study Pack: 2 Summaries About 11 pages (3,405 words) in 2 products