The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Sarah Breedlove Walker, a St. Louis washerwoman, created a cosmetic empire by inventing a system of hair straightening. Born to a poor farm family on December 23, 1867, in Delta, Louisiana, Sarah received very little education and, by the age of ten, had moved away from home to look for work. By age nineteen Sarah was a widow with a young daughter to support, and she moved to St. Louis to work as a hotel washerwoman. In 1906, Sarah married Denver newspaperman Charles Joseph Walker and changed her name to Madame C. J. Walker.
Around 1910, Sarah came up with idea of straightening hair with a hot iron comb and an ointment to add softness and shine. This was an important development because for generations before her revolutionary process, blacks had straightened tightly curled hair on ironing boards which endangered the scalp and face and broke the hair. Sarah made up batches of her pomade in a tub, then packed the mixture in jars and sold them to customers. She developed a variety of products to serve a range of hair care needs.
To increase sales of her pomade, hair growing tonic, strengtheners, hot combs, toiletries, fragrances, and facial treatments, she peddled them door to door, then organized agents in "Walker Clubs." She opened a shop, trained assistants, then later added mail-order sales followed by a beauty school that taught the Walker Method of hair straightening and hair growing.
In 1910, she moved the operation to Indianapolis and built her first factory. By 1917, Sarah Walker was employing 3,000 workers in America's largest black-owned business and was drawing sizeable return from sales of equipment and supplies and from a chain of beauty schools. She became a social leader among the black middle class and opened Lelia College, a hair care laboratory, and a chain of beauty salons in Harlem.
Sarah Walker was a generous contributor to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP) as well as to St. Louis and Indianapolis charities. She bankrolled scholarships for women at Tuskegee Institute, Bethune-Cookman College, and Palmer Memorial Institute and endowed black YWCA chapters and orphanages. She died from nephritison May 24, 1919.