John Craig Venter, currently the President and Chief Executive Officer of Celera Genomics, is one of the central figures in the Human Genome Project. Celera, headquartered in Rockville MD, has succeeded in completed a draft of the human genome. Using a fast sequencing technique, Venter and his colleagues were able to sequence the human genome, and the genomes of other organisms, including the bacterium Haemophilus infuenzae, in only about a decade.
Venter was born in Salt Lake City. After high school he seemed destined for a career as a surfer rather than as a molecular biologist. But a tour of duty in Vietnam as a hospital corpsman precipitated a change in the direction of his life. He returned from Vietnam and entered university, earning a doctorate in physiology and pharmacology from the University of California at San Diego in six years. After graduation he commenced research at the National Institutes of Health. While at NIH, Venter became frustrated at the then slow pace of identifying and sequencing genes. He began to utilize a technology whereby the normal copies of genes made by living cells were obtained and to decode only a portion of the DNA. These partial transcripts, called expressed sequence tags, could then be used to identify the gene-coding regions on the DNA from which they came. The result was to speed up the identification of genes. Hundreds of genes could be discovered in only weeks using the method.
Supported by venture capital, Venter started the nonprofit The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) In the mid-1990s. Here, thousands of the expressed sequence tag probes to the human genome were made.
Venter's success and technical insight attracted the interest of PE Biosystems, makers of automated DNA sequencers. With financial and equipment backing from PE Biosystems, Venter left TIGR and formed a private for-profit company, Celera (meaning 'swift' in Latin). The aim was to decode the human genome faster than the government effort that was underway. Celera commenced operations in May 1998.
Another of Venter's accomplishments was to use a nontraditional approach to quickly sequence DNA. At that time, DNA was typically sequenced by dividing it into several large pieces and then decoding each piece. Venter devised the so-called shotgun method, in which a genome was blown apart into many small bits and then to sequence them without regard to their position. Following sequencing, supercomputer power would reassemble the bits of sequence into the intact genome sequence. The technique, which was extremely controversial, was tried first on the genome of the fruit fly Drosophila. In only a year the fruit fly genome sequence was obtained. The sequencing of the genome of the bacterium H. influenzae followed this.
Venter's accomplishments are considerable, both technically and as a catalyst to spur genome sequencing.
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